Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurobiology > Large Animal Nervous System Examination > Flashcards

Large Animal Nervous System Examination Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of the systemic nervous system exam?

A

determine presence of neurologic disease
characterize type and degree of deficits
localization of lesion
determine etiology of neurologic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do you look at during the sensorium (observational portion) of the exam?

A

mentation
behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are some things that suggest a lesion in the limbic system?

A

aggression
hyperexcitability
rage
mania
frantic motor activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does dullness, depression, or stupor suggest?

A

disease affecting cerebrum or ascending reticular activating system in the brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

seizure is a manifestation of ___________________ dysfunction

A

cerebral cortical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does manifestation of dysfunction of the optic nerve present?

A

impaired menace and papillary light reflex (PLR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does dysfunction manifest with the trochlear nerve (CN IV)?

A

dorso-lateral strabismus (extorsion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what cranial nerve(s) run through the lateral guttural pouch?

A

cranial nerve VII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what type of reflex is the menace response?

A

cortical reflex: involves cortical integration and interpretation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how can you recognize cortical blindness versus peripheral blindness?

A

both have absent menace
cortical has normal papillary light reflexes, peripheral has abnormal papillary light reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the clinical signs of peripheral vestibular disease?

A

circling
normal mentation, but disoriented
head-tilt toward side of lesion
CN VII paralysis may be present
horizontal or rotary nystagmus
generally no GP or postural reaction deficits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how can you test the vagal nerve (CN X)?

A

slap test: laryngeal adduction test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the slap test test the integrity of?

A

cervical and thoracic spinal cord segments
nucleus ambiguus of medulla
cranial nerve X: laryngeal recurrent nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what should you look at during the standing exam?

A

cervico-auricular reflex
cutaneous muscle reflexes
tail and anal tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do the anal and perineal reflexes evaluate?

A

caudal rectal/coccygeal/internal pudendal nerves
sacral spinal cord segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what should you check in recumbency?

A

patella reflex
muscle tone
withdrawal-flexor: do last

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the degree of functional limb deficits will determine the need for __________________________

A

postural reaction testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how do we test neurologic dysfunction of the upper motor neuron, lower motor neuron, and general proprioceptive systems?

A

circling, backing, swaying
head elevation
working on a hill/gentle slope
changes in direct when horse turned loose in paddock
blindfolding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what can ataxia be due to?

A

vestibular
general proprioceptive
cerebellar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where do lower motor neurons terminate?

A

neuromuscular junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where might lower motor neuron deficits be related to lesions in?

A

spinal cord segment at the level of the reflex arc
peripheral nerves
neuromuscular junction
muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the clinical signs of moderate to severe weakness with lower motor neuron paresis?

A

short stride, toe dragging
muscle fasciculation
difficulty supporting weight
weakness in both standing and walking tail-pull exam
decreased spinal reflexes
decreased muscle tone
atrophy of the denervated muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where do cell bodies of upper motor neurons lie?

A

within brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the clinical signs of upper motor neuron dysfunction?

A

normal to increased spinal reflexes, increased muscle tone
stiffness, spasticity
paresis: delay in onset of protraction of limb, weakness during tail-pull at a walk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

most of the upper motor neuron pathways necessary for gait generation are anatomically adjacent to _____________________________

A

general proprioceptive pathways

26
Q

what does the general proprioceptive system transmit limb and trunk position information to?

A

cerebellum
some to cerebrum for conscious proprioception

27
Q

when is circumduction best seen?

A

outer limb while circling

28
Q

what are the clinical signs of general proprioceptive ataxia?

A

stumbling, knuckling, dragging
dog sitting while backing
circumduction
adduction or abduction of limbs, interference between limbs
pivoting
abnormal stride length
ataxic response during walking tail pull

29
Q

what does the cerebellum regulate?

A

motor activity

30
Q

what is limb movement like with cerebellar disease?

A

excessive rate, range, and force

31
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

assembly of connected groups of neurons and neuronal tracts in the cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain that is involved in emotional responses and patterns in behavior

32
Q

how does dysfunction of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) manifest?

A

abnormal palpebral reflex and facial sensation
poor jaw tone ability to close mouth

33
Q

which cranial nerves are associated with the mesencephalon?

A

CN III and IV

34
Q

what makes up the afferent arm of the menace response?

A

retina
optic nerve axons and optic tract and radiations

35
Q

what does vitamin A deficiency cause with menace and pupillary light reflex?

A

absent menace
abnormal pupillary light reflex

36
Q

what can cause central vestibular disease?

A

infectious disease, basilar skull fracture, lightning strike, infiltrative disease
degenerative/metabolic/toxic/vascular

37
Q

what can cause peripheral vestibular disease?

A

otitis media/interna
THO
guttural pouch infection
stylohyoid fracture
lightning strike

38
Q

what type of nystagmus is associated with central vestibular disease?

A

horizontal, rotary, vertical
positional changes

39
Q

what is the pathway of the slap test?

A

thoracic spinal nerves
dorsal grey column
vagus nerve

40
Q

what does the patella reflex test?

A

integrity of femoral nerve and L4-L6 spinal cord segments

41
Q

what can ataxia stem from?

A

vestibular
general proprioceptive
cerebellar

42
Q

what does the general proprioceptive system transmit limb and trunk position information to?

A

cerebellum
some to cerebrum for conscious proprioception

43
Q

does cerebellar disease cause paresis?

A

no

44
Q

how does dysfunction of the abducent nerve (cranial nerve VI) manifest?

A

medial strabismus
inability to retract globe

45
Q

how does dysfunction of the trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV) manifest?

A

dorso-lateral strabismus

46
Q

what might a lesion in the pons manifest as? which cranial nerve?

A

atrophy of masticatory muscles
cranial nerve V

47
Q

which cranial nerves are associated with the rostral medulla?

A

cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII

48
Q

which cranial nerve is associated with the pupillary light reflex?

A

cranial nerve III

49
Q

when can a menace be absent but a pupillary light reflex be normal?

A

lead
polioeencephalomalacia

50
Q

why is a menace absent in botulism?

A

cranial nerve VII

51
Q

is the fast phase of nystagmus usually away or towards the lesion in central vestibular disease?

A

away from lesion

52
Q

on which side are general proprioceptive deficits in central vestibular disease?

A

ipsilateral limb

53
Q

can physiological nystagmus be absent in peripheral vestibular disease?

A

yes

54
Q

what nerve does the motor response of withdrawal of the pelvic limb use?

A

sciatic nerve

55
Q

what nerves does the motor response of withdrawl of the thoracic limb use?

A

axillary nerve
musculocutaneous nerve
median and ulnar nerves

56
Q

where might lower motor neuron deficits be related to lesions?

A

spinal cord segment at the level of reflex arc
peripheral nerves
neuromuscular junction
muscle

57
Q

what do upper motor neurons do?

A

initiate voluntary movement
maintain tonus
maintain posture
control muscular activity associated with visceral functions

58
Q

when might hypermetria be seen?

A

floating gait: general proprioceptive ataxia
worse with head elevation

59
Q

does a continuous pull or intermittent pull better assess ataxia (ataxia versus weakness- UMN vs GP)?

A

intermittent better for ataxia: GP

60
Q

does cerebellar disease cause paresis?

A

no

61
Q

what are the signs of a cerebrum lesion?

A

alerted mentation
seizures
blindness

Neurobiology (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions