Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurobiology > Focal Brain Disorders > Flashcards

Focal Brain Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the intracranial tissue volume?

A

brain parenchyma
blood
CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the most effective compensatory mechanism for volume increase?

A

CSF shifts: shunt caudally, decrease production, increase absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

is the blood brain barrier disrupted in cytotoxic edema?

A

not initially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is normal intracranial pressure?

A

less than 20 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the types of brain herniation in dogs due to intracranial disease?

A

cingulate gyrus herniation
caudal transtentorial herniation
foramen magnum herniation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is transtentorial herniation?

A

caudal displacement of hemispheres ventral to tentorium cerebelli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why is a foramen magnum herniation bad?

A

compresses medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are some clinical signs of foramen magnum herniation?

A

stupor to coma
tetraplegia
non-responsive and dilated pupils
absent physiological nystagmus
respiratory abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are some focal space occupying lesions?

A

dermoid, epidermoid cyst
hematoma, hemorrhage
encephalitis focal, abscessation
neoplasia
granuloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are two differentials for circling cats?

A

meningioma
stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are some extra-axial bleeding types?

A

epidural hematoma
subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what type of fractures are most common in head trauma?

A

linear fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is there high risk of with basilar skull fractures?

A

nerve damage or entrapment
CSF otorrhea or rhinoorhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are some primary brain tumors?

A

meningioma
astrocytoma
oligodendroglioma
plexus papilloma
pituitary adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are extra-axial tumors mainly?

A

meningiomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are common intra-axial tumors?

A

glial tumors
plexus papilloma

17
Q

what are some differentials for intraventricular tumors?

A

plexus papilloma or carcinoma
ependymoma
meningioma

18
Q

what are some etiologies of fungal granulomas?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus
Cryptococcus neoformans
Blastomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Colored fungii

19
Q

what is a stroke?

A

neurological deficits because of cerebrovascular disease

20
Q

what is ischemia?

A

reduction in blood flow to a level incompatible with normal function

21
Q

what are some possible causes of stroke in dogs?

A

often not understood
hypertension, chronic kidney disease, Cushing’s disease, diabetes mellitus

22
Q

what regulates cerebral blood flow?

A

cerebral metabolic rate
local cerebrovascular autoregulation

23
Q

where does vasogenic edema usually happen?

A

white matter

24
Q

does vasogenic or cytotoxic edema respond to hyperosmolar IV fluids?

A

vasogenic edema

25
Q

what is normal mean arterial pressure in the brain and below what is concerning?

A

80-100 mmHg
below 70 mmHg is concerning

26
Q

why is transtentorial herniation a problem?

A

compresses midbrain and rostral cerebellum

27
Q

what can compressing the medulla lead to?

A

respiratory compromise
death

28
Q

what are possible signs of an acute foramen magnum herniation?

A

stupor to coma
tetraplegia
non-responsive and dilated pupils
absent physiological nystagmus
respiratory abnormalities

29
Q

what is the cushing’s reflex?

A

primary brain ischemia
increase in MAP to improve blood flow and oxygen delivery to brain
reflex bradycardia

30
Q

is a hemorrhagic stroke from intra-axial or extra-axial bleeding?

A

intra-axial bleeding

31
Q

what are comminuted fractures like?

A

fragments aligned
depressed bone pieces

32
Q

which antibiotics have good blood brain barrier penetration?

A

metronidazole
enrofloxacin
3rd or 4th generation cephalosporins

33
Q

what is most impacted by cytotoxic edema?

A

gray matter

34
Q

what are the possible signs of acute brain herniation with transtentorial downwards?

A

dullness, stupor, coma
tetraparesis and ataxia
abnormal PLR, anisocoria
abnormal physiological nystagmus

35
Q

what are the possible signs of acute brain herniation with foramen magnum?

A

stupor to coma
tetraplegia
non-responsive and dilated pupils
absent physiological nystagmus
respiratory abnormalities

36
Q

what is of concern with intraventricular tumors?

A

metastatic spread along CSF flow
especially with plexus papilloma or carcinoma

37
Q

where are granulomas often with focal GME in the focal form?

A

brain stem

38
Q

what is the blood supply to the brain?

A

rostral cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
caudal cerebral artery and perforating arteries
rostral cerebellar artery
caudal cerebellar artery

Neurobiology (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions