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Head and Neck > SM_01b: Head Primordia > Flashcards

SM_01b: Head Primordia Flashcards

1
Q

In the head, the head mesenchyme arises from the ____

A

In the head, the head mesenchyme arises from the neural crest

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2
Q

In the head, ____ flanks the foregut

A

In the head, pharyngeal (branchial) arch mesoderm flanks the foregult

(nerves to striated muscle derivatives are called branchiomotor)

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3
Q

____ neurons are found in the head and neck

A

Special sensory neurons are found in the head and neck

(vision, olfaction, hearing, balance, taste, chemoreception)

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4
Q

Olfactory nerve (I) arises from the _____

A

Olfactory nerve (I) arises from the olfactory placode

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5
Q

Optic nerve (II) arises from the ____

A

Optic nerve (II) arises from the optic cup

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6
Q

Oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI) nerves arise from the ____

A

Oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI) nerves arise from the preotic somitomeres

(eye muscles)

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7
Q

Hypoglossal (XII) nerve arises from the ____

A

Hypoglossal (XII) nerve arises from the postotic somites

(tongue muscles)

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve arises from the ____

A

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve arises from the otic placode

(hearing and balance)

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10
Q

Nerves V, VII, IX, and X arise from the ____

A

Nerves V, VII, IX, and X arise from the pharyngeal (branchial) arches

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11
Q

Ectodermal derivatives include the ___, ___, and ___

A

Ectodermal derivatives include the neural tube, surface covering of the head and neck, and placodes

  • Neural tube: brain, spinal cord, optic cup
  • Surface covering of the head and neck: stomodeum and pharyngeal / branchial grooves, sensory innervation is mostly by trigeminal nerve (V)
  • Placodes: otic, lens, olfactory
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12
Q

____ is the primordium for the ____ and corresponds to the olfactory nerve (I)

A

Olfactory placode is the primordium for the olfactory epithelium and corresponds to the olfactory nerve (I)

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13
Q

____ is the primordium for the ____ and corresponds to the optic nerve (II)

A

Optic cup (around lens placode) is the primordium for the retina and nerve II and corresponds to the optic nerve (II)

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14
Q

____ is the primordium for the ____ and corresponds to the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

A

Otic placode is the primordium for the inner ear (cochlea/semi-circular canals) and corresponds to the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

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15
Q

Eye develops from the ___, ___, and ___

A

Eye develops from the lens placode, optic cup, and head mesenchyme

  1. Lens placode sinks under the surface as the lens vesicle is surrounded by the optic cup
  2. Head mesenchyme from the neural crest begins to condense around the optic cup to form the connective tissue elements
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16
Q

____ and ____ make up the inner ear

A

Semicircular canals and cochlea make up the inner ear

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17
Q

Ear develops from the ____, ____, and ____

A

Ear develops from the otic placode, first pharyngeal groove, and first pouch

(otocyst shapes into the cochlea and semicircular canals)

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18
Q

Mesodermal/mesenchyme primordia includes the ____, which originate from the ____ and ____

A

Mesodermal/mesenchyme primordia includes the pharyngeal (branchial) arches flanking the foregut, which originate from the somites and head mesenchyme

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19
Q

Pharyngeal (branchial) arches flanking the foregut originate from the ____ and ____

A

Pharyngeal (branchial) arches flanking the foregut originate from the somites and head mesenchyme

  • Somites (somitomeres): some cells migrate into the pharyngeal arches for muscle cells
  • Head mesenchyme (from neural crest): makes up most of the pharyngeal arches
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20
Q

___ and ___ arches merge together

A

4th and 6th arches merge together

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21
Q

Arches are separated by _____ on the outside and _____ on the inside

A

Arches are separated by ectodermal grooves on the outside and endodermal pouches on the inside

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22
Q

Each arch has an ____, ____, ____, and ____

A

Each arch has an artery, cranial nerve, piece of cartilage, and mesenchyme that will form muscles

23
Q

Pretrematic nerves ____

A

Pretrematic nerves provide extra sensory innervation to the territory preceding the arch of origin

24
Q

Pretrematic for Arch 1 is ____

A

Pretrematic for Arch 1 is opthalmic nerve (V1) to the orbit and forehead

25
Q

Pretrematic for Arch 2 is ____

A

Pretrematic for Arch 2 is chorda tympani to tongue for taste

26
Q

Pretrematic for Arch 3 is ____

A

Pretrematic for Arch 3 is tympanic nerve to middle ear cavity

27
Q

Describe the arch cartilage derivatives

A

Arch cartilage derivatives

  • Arch 1: malleus, incus, stapes (auditory ossicles)
  • Arch 2: stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament
  • Arch 3: greater cornu (horn) of the hyoid bone
  • Arch 4/6: thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage
28
Q

___ migrate to form the tongue and eye muscles

A

Head somites migrate to form the tongue and eye muscles

29
Q

____ migrates out of the mesoderm to form the face muscles

A

Arch 2 migrates out of the mesoderm to form the face muscles

30
Q

___ muscles form from Arch 1

A

Jaw muscles form from Arch 1

31
Q

____ muscles form from Arch 2

A

Facial expression muscles form from Arch 2

32
Q

____ and ____ muscles form from Arch 4/6

A

Larynx and pharynx muscles form from Arch 4/6

33
Q

Describe endodermal derivatives in the head and neck

A

Endodermal derivatives in head and neck

  • Foregut tube gives rise to pharynx, larynx, trachea, and thyroid gland
  • Pharyngeal pouches (endodermal extensions of pharynx between pharyngeal arches) give rise to the middle ear, palatine tonsils, thymus, and parathyroid glands
34
Q

Endodermal foregut extends to the ___

A

Endodermal foregut extends to the stomodeum

35
Q

____ and ____ flank the stomodeum

A

Frontonasal process and maxillary/mandibular parts of the first pharyngeal arch flank the stomodeum

36
Q

Frontonasal process forms the ____, ____, and ____

A

Frontonasal process forms the forehead, nose, and part of the upper lip

37
Q

____ is the only origin for all sympathetics

A

Thoracolumbar outflow (T1-L2) is the only origin for all sympathetics

(cranial nerves do not exit brain with sympathetic fibers)

38
Q

Postsynaptic sympathetics leave the ____ and follow ____ into the head to their targets

A

Postsynaptic sympathetics leave the cervical sympathetic ganglia and follow arteries into the head to their targets

39
Q

Accessory (XI) nerve arises from the ____

A

Accessory (XI) nerve arises from the somitic mesoderm

(for neck muscles)

40
Q

Parasympathetics are characterized by ____ from the CNS

A

Parasympathetics are characterized by craniosacral outflow from the CNS

(CN III, VII, IX, X, V)

41
Q

Describe the craniosacral outflow for parasympathetics

A

Craniosacral outflow for parasympathetics

  1. Presynaptics leave the brain with nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus)
  2. They synapse in ganglia and join branches of V (trigeminal) to their targets
42
Q

____ arises from the olfactory placode

A

Olfactory nerve (I) arises from the olfactory placode

43
Q

____ arises from the optic cup

A

Optic nerve (II) arises from the optic cup

44
Q

____, ____, and ____ arise from the preotic somitomeres

A

Oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI) nerves arise from the preotic somitomeres

(for eye muscles)

45
Q

____ arises from the postotic somites

A

Hypoglossal nerve (XII) arises from the postotic somites

(for tongue muscles)

46
Q

____ arises from the somitic mesoderm

A

Accessory nerve (XI) arises from the somitic mesoderm

(for neck muscles)

47
Q

____ arises from the otic placode

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) arises from the otic placode

(for hearing and balance)

48
Q

____, ____, ____, and ____ arise from the phayngeal (branchial) arches

A

Nerves V, VII, IX, and X arise from the phayngeal (branchial) arches

49
Q

Describe the functions of the cranial nerves

A
50
Q

Describe the special sensory nerves and their primordia

A

Special sensory nerves and their primordia

  • I (olfactory) - olfactory placode (olfaction)
  • II (optic) - optic cup (vision)
  • VIII (vestibulocochlear) - otic placode (hearing and balance)
51
Q

Describe the somatomotor nerves

A

Somatomotor nerves

  • III (oculomotor) - preotic somites (for eye muscles)
  • IV (trochlear) - preotic somites (for one eye muscle)
  • VI (abducens) - preotic somites (for one eye muscle)
  • XII (hypoglossal) - postotic somites (for tongue muscles)
52
Q

Describe branchial arch nerves (mixed nerves)

A

Branchial arch nerves (mixed nerves)

  • V (trigeminal) - Arch 1
  • VII (facial) - Arch 2
  • IX (glossopharyngeal) - Arch 3
  • X (vagus) - Arches 4/6
53
Q

XI (spinal accessory nerve) arises from the ____

A

XI (spinal accessory nerve) arises from the somite mesoderm by arch 6

Head and Neck (29 decks)

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