SLT of gender devel Flashcards
List the 6 main aspects of the Social Learning Theory SLT
- Role models
- Imitation
- Vicarious Reinforcement
- Identification
- Meditational processes
- Bandura’s research
When applying this the development of gender appropriate behaviour
name the three ways behaviour is learnt
Direct Tuition
Indirect reinforcement
Direct reinforcement
explain how direct tuition is a way children learn GAB (gender appropriate behaviour)
Direct Tuition is when a child receives explicit instructions about a behaviour (shaving)
-bc some behaviours can;t be learnt via observation, they require instruction
explain how indirect (vicarious) reinforcement is a way children learn GAB (gender appropriate behaviour)
Indirect reinforcement is when a child observes the behaviour of others, learns the consequences of that behaviour, which is stored and leads to imitation
explain how Direct Reinforcement is a way children learn GAB (gender appropriate behaviour)
Direct Reinforcement refers to a child being positively or negatively reinforced by a role model
List 4 sources of Social Influence that may influence a child’s belief about gender norms
- Films
- Parents
- Peers
- Culture
name the two influences that there’s research support for in SLT as an explanation for Gender Development
- Parents
- Peers
Explain the two researches for the role of peers on gender development
- Research on preschoolers that that playing with opposite gender toys was not tolerated well by peers, showing their more influential than parents - by Laglosis and Downs 1980
- Research on 3 yr olds found peers ridiculed those who played with opposite sex games- by Archer and Lloyd 1982
Explain the two researches for the role of parents on gender development
- Study where Boys were pos reinforced for imitating independence and Girls were pos reinforced for empathy- shows SLT for m and f acquire different gender roles -Block 1979
- Found that fathers goal seeking and give attention to their sons but mothers are equal for both genders - suggesting fathers reinforce sex stereotyping more - Quiery 1998
AO3 point
Comparing SLT in contrast to Freud’s theory
— Comparing Freud’s psychodynamic expl of GD- there’s differences.
e.g. freud suggests - unconscious internal conflicts between (Id, ego, superego) three parts of personality- no control
In contrast to SLT conscious mediational processes
Freud suggests unconscious forces are more important in gender development
AO3 point
Comparing SLT in contrast to Biological approach
Bio expl suggest influence of atypical sex chromosome patterns and hormones
-bio argues that SLT have an over-reliance on social influences on gender development.
Researchers take a biosocial approach- innate biological differences can be overridden by mechanisms of SLT
Shows in Na NU debate the polar ends of argument, where biosocial influence is the interactionalist approach that’s accepted for gender development
Both Media and Culture are two influence gender roles
Name the two researches for media
- studying sex role stereo types in advertising
m- buiness ads
f- domestic ads
- by Furnham and Farragher 2000 - longitudinal study for 15 months
where 6-12 yr olds were watching 25+ hours a week of TV, showed more gender stereotypical behaviour than those watch 10 hours of less a week
-McGhee and Frueh 1990
When evaluation Media’s influences on gender roles
limitation
strength
strength
limitation- an issue with the longitudinal study - no control group with children not exposed to media,lack of controls, uncertainty that their behaviour is all influenced by effects of media
strength- positive application of the advertising study- results in a societal change where now there was a massive anti stereotyping change in the media - e.g. new Disney movies
strength- RS for SLT
-vicarious reinforcement, role models and imitation
Why would culture be an influence of gender
There’s gender expectations in cultures where females have domestic roles and males are the bread winners
Explain what stays the same in all cultures and what varies cross culturally
Which researcher supports this
The sex categories ‘male’ and ‘female’ are universally recognised in all cultures showing that gender is understood the same but the gender roles associated with these sex categories can vary cross-culturally
e.g. Mead - 3 tribes in papa new guinea- all different gender behaviours of what gender has what role in society
Name and explain two cross cultural researchers that support the nurture debate
Mead 1935- 3 tribes
1. Arapesh- both gentle and bear a child
2. Mundugumar- both aggressive, didn’t like bearing a child
3. Tchambuli- reversed gender roles to western society
Malinowski 1929- women were sexually aggressive
Trobiand Islanders
- gangs of women raping men from other tribes to enhance their own reputation - showing cross cultural differences from western society
Name and explain two cross cultural researchers that support the nature debate
Buss et al 1990- supports nature
meta analysis in 37 countries- all continents- highly valid
research into mate preferences
F- look for wealth and resources
M- look for young and attraction
showing there’s cross cultural similarities in gender roles
Williams and Best- supports nature
3,000 students across 30 countries
asked to choose which of the 300 adjectives are associated with M and F
found F got nurturant and affiliation
found M got dominant, aggressive
Shows there’s universal stereotypes about gender
Explain a limitation of Mead’s cross cultural research
Limitation of Mead’s research which is criticised because the researchers may observe things differently to the indigenous people living there e.g. the females not liking bearing children- they may just have had a bad day
Also, the indigenous people may have told the researcher what they wanted to her, instead of the truth
this reduces the reliability
