I&D- cultural bias

Question 1

define Ethnocentrism

Answer 1

Judging other cultures, based off of your own cultural experience and seeing your on as ‘normal’ or ‘superior’ because that is what you are used to, so judge other groups as ‘strange’ and ‘deviant’

Question 2

define Cultural relativism

Answer 2

a behaviour can only be properly understood in the context of the norms and values of the culture it occurs in

Question 3

define Culture

Answer 3

culture is the values, beliefs, communication that people share in common and that can be used to define them as a group

Question 4

define Cultural bias

Answer 4

The tendency to judge other cultural groups based off of your own cultural assumptions

Question 5

define Etic approach

Answer 5

Etic approach is identifying UNIVERSAL traits, looking at similarities in multiple cultures

Question 6

define Emic approach

Answer 6

Emic approach is focusing on one specific culture and submerging yourself in it to get the full and detailed understanding of that culture

Question 7

what begins with E and is an example of Alpha bias

Answer 7

Ethnocentrism

Question 7

name the two bias’ that are used in culture as well as gender

Answer 7

Alpha and beta bias

Question 8

What are the five things that could reduce cultural bias
1. R_______ Te___ from all diff cultures
2. High P______ v_____ in the s_____ s______
3.M_____ cultures (R_______) analysing the d____
4. Do the s____ more than o____, so it was reli____
5. carefully r____ the d___, so there is no r______ b___

Answer 8

1- A Research Team from different cultures
2- High population validity in the same sample
3. multiple cultures (researchers) analysing the data
4. do the study more than one, so it was reliable
5. carefully report the data, so there is no report bias

Question 9

what study is ethnocentric

Answer 9

Ainsworth - secure attachment was most normal in western cultures, which made others feel they were parenting wrong

Question 10

explain one way ethnocentrism can have alpha bias

ind____ groups and col____ groups
1 be____ than the oth___

Answer 10

due to one’s culture is considered to be different and better but other cultures are devalued. for example individualist groups interdependence is valued but in collectivist groups dependence is valued more

Question 11

explain one way ethnocentrism can have beta bias
IQ

IQ t____ in A_______ assumed to be used w__________

Answer 11

when psychologists believe that their view on the world is the only view. for example, the IQ test for the military was thought to be appropriate to use the american IQ test around the world as it was assumed that this standard from the US was universal

Question 12

what is cultural relativism and what is the opposite of it

Answer 12

cultural relativism is that all cultures are worthy of respect and that in studying another we need to try to understand the way that a particular culture sees it
Ethnocentrism is the opposite

Question 13

explain one way cultural relativism can have alpha bias

Answer 13

it can happen when the assumption of real differences leads to psychologists to overlook universals.

Question 14

explain one way cultural relativism can have beta bias

Answer 14

it occurs in mental disorders, when behaviours are statistically infrequent in one culture may be statistically more frequent in another culture. For example hearing voices is a symptom of schizophrenia but in another culture hearing voices is common,
so applying the same rule (universal)- a beta bias- may diagnose people as mentally ill

Question 14

which research had imposed etic

Answer 14

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation, she studied behaviour in America and applied the ‘ideal attachment type’ in America, to the rest of the world, leading to results affected by cultural bias because child rearing practices largely vary across the world.

Question 15

list 3 things to do with individualists

Answer 15

1. focus on individuals
2. they are competitive
3. Uk and Usa

Question 16

list 3 things that collectivists do

Answer 16

1. focus on groups
2. they are cooperative
3. south Korea and china

Question 17

what is sampling bias and what ppts are most commonly used

Answer 17

when the sample is not representative to the target population- most research is done with white university students

Question 18

what is the acronym for standard ppts and what does it mean

Answer 18

W.E.I.R.D- western educated industrialised rich and democratic

Question 19

How much do W.E.I.R.D socities represent the ppts in research for psychology

Answer 19

80%

Question 20

how much do the W.E.I.R.D societies represent in the world

Answer 20

only 12%

Question 21

para 1
first evaluation
c________ eth_______ to encourage c___-c______ r_______

Answer 21

P- one way to counter ethnocentrism is to encourage cross-cultural or indigenous research.
E- for example Afrocentrism - research in African cultures using an Emic approach
E-This is allows a culture to dispute (argue against) western values placed upon their culture& explain behaviour that are culturally relative
L-However, an Emic approach can only explain behaviour within a culture and can’t identify universal traits

Question 22

para 2
2nd evaluation
C_____ b___ in psych, can be d____ with by using s______ with s______ from d________ c_______ g_____.
research- S_____ and b_____ 199_
findings were 6% U__, 3% e______ and _% from the rest of the world.

Answer 22

P- Cultural bias in psychology, can be dealt with simply by using studies with samples from different cultural groups.
E- For example Smith and Bond 1998 did research on European textbooks in psychology, where their findings were 66% USA, 32% European and only 2% from the rest of the world
E- This shows how dominant the US is in psychological research
L- Therefore, the findings are going to be bias towards the US and the European, compared to elsewhere, but the impact of this, is that other countries perhaps will feel excluded or not inspired to fulfill their own research, leading to only USA and European researchers

Question 23

para 3:
3rd evaluation

Knowing the d______ between Et__ and E___
researcher- D____ B___
collected data from __ cultures

Answer 23

P- Knowing the difference between Etic and Emic approaches is difficult.
E_For example, doing research has to be either one of the approaches but can’t be both, so David Buss et al used an Etic approach.
E- One way to avoid cultural bias was to use indigenous researchers in each cultural setting, which Buss did in his ‘mate preferences’ study where he collected data from 37 cultures.
L- This was effective due to Buss using local researchers to translate accurately and therefore allowed to investigate universal behaviour while avoiding cultural bias.

Question 24

para 4:
4th evaluation
A c_______ of c_____ b___ research is that it can c_____/ reinforce st_________.
research- U_ a____ I_ t____

Answer 24

P- A consequence of culturally bias research, is that it can create/reinforce stereotypes
E- for example the US army IQ test was culturally biased towards the white majority, so the African-Americans who participated in this IQ test, scored the lowest and didn’t get in.
E- This is because it was originally created by white Americans had made the questions culturally biased to white people.
L- Therefore, when growing up the white people learnt the answers but all the African-Americans were never taught these answers as it wasn’t in their culture. This resulted in bias towards White Americans who got into the army while the others did not.