slideshow Flashcards
Viscerocranium -
lower part, bones forming the face (maxillary and zygomatic)
2 nasal bones, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 zygomatic bones, maxilla (with piriform fossa), 2 inferior nasal conchae, unpaired vomer, palatine bone (roof of mouth)
Neurocranium -
upper part, bones around brain (cranial vault - cavity and calvaria - skull cap)
Frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, 2 temporal bones, 2 sphenoid bones (apex of orbit), ethmoid bone, occipital bone
Coronal sutures
frontal-parietal
Sagittal suture
parietal-parietal
Lambdoid suture
parietals-occipital looks like the Greek letter Lambda
Squamosal suture
temporal-parietal
Wormian bones lie
within the sutures (aka Inca bones)
The skull is much shorter in children and elongates in the viscerocranium. This is significant because the Eustacian tube is more ____ in children
horizontal
More horizontal Eustachian tube in children results in
more common ear infections
describe Neurocranium boney middle layer
Intermediate - cancellous bone (diploe)
Houses and protects RBC and red bone marrow
Diploic veins - run through ___ ____ (frontal diploic v., anterior and posterior temporal diploic v., occipital diploic v.) anastamose with each other. Drain the scalp and neurocranium - drains into dural venous sinuses (which is the superior sagittal sinus).
diploe bone
explain scalp vein drainage all the way through
Scalp v > diploic v > emissary v > superior sagittal sinus
The anterior fontanelle is known as the
Bregma (soft spot)
Oribt of skull borders
MS. ELFZ Feels A Mean Raw Labia Floor- Maxilla Apex- greater wing of Sphenoid bone Medial Wall- Ethoid bones (orbital plate) and Lacrimal bones Roof- Frontal Bone Lateral Wall- Zygomatic Bone
Lefort Fracture 1
Lower maxilla
Lefort Fracture 2
upper maxilla, under orbits
Lefort Fracture 3
though orbits
Pterion
Weak spot due to skull thickness
Meeting place for the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones
Pterion Fracture
results in damage to the anterior branch of middle meningeal a. > epidural hematoma (fatal 15-20%)
Mandible articulates with skull at
TMJ (temporal mandibular joint)
Your mandible forms your lower jaw. What kind of joint does it create?
combination hinge and gliding joint (protrusion, retraction, elevation and depression
Inferior alveolar n. enters through
mandibular foramen
Inferior alveolar n. enters through mandibular foramen and provides ______. What does it exit out of, and what happens when it exits?
sensation to lower teeth and gums then exits mental foramen as the mental n.
What travels with the inferior alveolar n.?
The inferior alveolar a
SCALP stands for:
S- skin C- connective tissue (dense, vascular) A- aponeurosis (connects frontalis and occipitalis) L- loose connective tissue P- pericranium (periosteum)
Aponeurosis is known as the Galea Aponeurotic
Rostral
front of head
Caudal
back of head/tail
Cephalic
toward head
Ipsilateral
same side
Contralateral
opposite side
Where is the Corpora quadrigemina located? and what is it?
It’s located on the midbrain and it has 2 superior colliculi and 2 inferior colliculi
2 superior colliculi
vision reflex
2 inferior colliculi
audition reflex
Where is your Olive found
its a landmark on your ventral medulla
Your cerebellum has Tonsils on posterior lobe, what happens if the brain swells?
they can cause herniation, pressure on the brainstem so the person to not be able to breathe!
Cerebellum Function
coordinates muscular activity, mediates posture/equilibrium
Dysenergia
Cerebellum lesion-
muscles don’t work together
Ataxia
Cerebellum lesion-
unable to coordinate movements, jerky motion of trunk
Dysmetria
Cerebellum lesion
past pointing
Dysdiadochokinesia
can’t rapidly alternate
Secondary brain vesicles:
Telencephalon (cerebrum) Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) Mesencephalon (midbrain) Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) Mylencephalon (medulla)
What are the tiers of the thalamus separated by? and
Explain the “Tiers” of the thalamus
Tiers are separated by internal medullary lamina:
Anterior tier - one nuclei
Medial tier - two nuclei
Lateral tier - lots of nuclei
Relay nuclei
take in sensation from incoming systems and relay to the cortex
These are specific to the sense. For example the lateral geniculate body relays vision and the ventral-posterior nucleus relays pain/temp.
Diffuse nuclei
non-specific, carry information from the ascending reticular formation to the relay nuclei
Association nuclei
receive info from other thalamic nuclei and send to association areas in cortex
Hypothalamus (and what does it technically innervate)
integrating center for ANS, innervates viscera and controls visceral function
Parasympathetic (rest and digest) vs. sympathetic (fight or flight)
What is the pituitary gland controlled by
the hypothalamus
3 parts of pituitary gland
Pars anterior -
Pars posterior -
Pars intermedia
What do all 3 parts of the pituitary gland do?
secrete hormones!
Pars anterior
Anterior - Teachers Are Failures Letting Students Pass
TSH-(Thyroid Stimulating Hormone- metabolism)
ACTH (AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone- stress)
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone- maturation of ovum + testes)
LH (Lutinizing Hormone- ovulation and testosterone production)
SGH (Growth hormone)
PRL (Prolactin- lactation)
Pars Posterior
OV
Octocin- facilitates labor
Vasopressin (ADH)- retain water
Pars Intermediate
MSH- melanocyte stimulating horomone- maintains normal skin tone
In your epithalamus you have your ____ which calcifies in adults
Pineal gland (secretes melatonin)
Subthalamus prevents what? Explain how this is different from other areas
Prevents dyskinesias or hemiballismus. This is different than dysenergia because this is movement all the time (even at rest) whereas dysenergia is excessive movement when the person is trying to move.
dyskinesias or hemiballismus is injury to
subthalamus
dyskinesias or hemiballismus=
movement all the time (even at rest)
dysenergia is
injury to cerebellum
excessive movement when the person is trying to move.
Parkinson’s disease
Caused by injury to Substantia nigra
tremor at rest, pill rolling tremor
Dark pigmented cells that produce dopamine are degenerated
Sulci
infolding grooves in cerebral cortex
gyri
elevations in cerebral cortex
Precentral gyrus… AKA? What originates here? What does it do?
aka primary motor area, most pyramidal tract fibers originate here, fine digital and voluntary movement
Premotor cortex
control of gross motor and trunk movement
Supplementary motor area
plans performance of a sequence of movements from memory (ex. Putting on a shirt)
Frontal eye fields
motor control of extraocular movements (conjugate deviation)
Prefrontal cortex
CEO of brain, executive control such as personality, emotions, problem-solving, reasoning and decision-making
Basal portion of frontal lobe
pars orbitalis, pars opercularis, pars triangularis (these two make up the Broca’s area - drive motor speech and dominant on L side)
Postcentral gyrus where is it? What is it? How does it get its information
In the Parietal lobe
primary somatosensory area, receives projections from thalamic relay nuclei, perceives general sensation such as pain, temp and tactile sense
General sensory association area does what?
processes sensory info
2 parts of Inferior parietal lobule parts
- Supramarginal gyrus
2. Angular gyrus
Supramarginal gyrus- where does it sit? and what is a disorder to this area called?
sits on top of Sylvian fissure ending, provides sensory/tactile feedback to guide motor tasks. Disorder = dyspraxia.
Dyspraxia
injury to supramarginal, impacts an individual’s ability to plan and process motor tasks
Angular gyrus
reading association area. Disorders include reading delay, agraphia, acalculia, agnosia
Occipital Lobe Contains
Primary visual area
Visual association area
Primary visual area- location? How does it receive it’s information? Lesion =
- just outside the calcarine sulcus
- Receives relay nuclei association with vision from thalamus
- Lesions = cortical blindness
Visual association area - what’s around it? and what is a lesion to it called?
medial occipital cortex located on either side of the primary cortex and lateral occipital cortex
Lesion = visual agnosia
Wernicke’s speech association area- and what side is it dominant on?
language comprehension, dominant on the left
What connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s directly
Arcuate fasciculus
receptive aphasia is a lesion to
Wernicke’s speech association area
Incoming olfactory info does not…
pass through the thalamus
Hippocampus
- part of limbic lobe
- emotional behavior and memory
Expressive aphasia
damage to Broca’s area so patient can’t form words but knows what they want to say
Agraphia
difficulty writing/spelling, damage to angular gyrus
Acalculia
difficulty with basic math
damage to angular gyrus
Finger agnosia
can’t count fingers
damage to angular gyrus
Dyspraxia
damage to likely left parietal association area so patient cannot plan and process motor tasks
Ideomotor- and what is it an injury to
patient knows what to do but can’t seem to do it, damage to supramarginal gyrus
Cortical blindness is a lesion to
lesion to primary visual area
Visual agnosia
patient can’t recognize the object in front of them, damage to visual association area
Receptive aphasia
patient hears speech but can’t understand, damage to Wernicke’s area
Global aphasia
both Broca’s and Wenicke’s are damaged
Alzheimer’s
one of the first parts affected is the hippocampus
Epidural space
viable space in vertebral column (fat and venous plexus) but only a potential space in the cranium
Tentorium cerebelli
covers posterior cranial fossa and cerebellum
Falx cerebri - lies where? attaches to?
And, what lies between the two lobes of the cerebellum?
lies within median longitudinal fissure and attaches rostrally to crista galla. Falx cerebelli lies between lobes of cerebellum.
Cervical Plexus
And Lets Get Together Sometime Please
Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3) Lesser occipital n (C2)
Greater auricular n (C2-C3)
Transverse cervical n (C2-C3)
Supraclavicular n (C3-C4)
Phrenic n (C3-C5)
2 Motor Branches of Cervical Plexus
Ansa Cervicalis: sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid (both bellies)
Phrenic: diaphragm
4 Sensory Branches of Cervical Plexus
Lesser occipital n (C2)
Back of the head
Greater auricular n (C2-C3)
Ear, carotid gland
Transverse Cervical n. (C2-C3)
Anterolateral neck
Supraclavicular n (C3-C4) Area over clavicle
Muscles of Mastication- To close the mouth
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Muscles of Mastication- to open the mouth
Lateral pterygoid
Temporalis O/I
O: temporal fossa
I: coronoid process
Masseter O/I
O: zygomatic bone
I: lateral angle of mandible
Medial pterygoid O/I
O: pterygoid fossa
I: medial angle of mandible
Lateral pterygoid
O: lat. pterygoid plate
I: mandibular condyle and articular disc
Describe the arrangement of the Teeth
4 incisors (medial/lateral) 2 canines 4 premolars (1st, 2nd) 6 molars (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
How many teeth on top? How many teeth on bottom?
16 on top, 16 on bottom
Infections of scalp can spread through which layer
the loose connective tissue layer
Significance of the circle of Willis
collateral blood flow
protective against stroke
how many teeth do children have?
20
intrinsics MUSCLES of the tongue
Intrinsic:
- longitudinal (roll tongue up)
- transverse (make hot dog)
- vertical (flatten out) - (CN XII)
Genioglossus: ?→?, What does it do? CN ?
chin → tongue; stick out tongue; CN XI
Hyoglossus:? → ?, what does it do? CN?
hyoid → tongue; “ahhh @ doctor”; CN XII
Styloglossus: ? → ?; what does it do? CN ?
styloid process → tongue; bring tongue back in; CN XII
Palatoglossus: ? → ?; what does It do?; CN ?
soft palate → tongue; lift tongue, oppose soft palate; CN X
Sensation to tongue
ant ⅔: V3 (lingual br)
Ant ⅔ taste: CN VII (chorda tympani)
Post ⅓ general and taste: CN IX (glossopharyngeal- lingual br)
Parotid innervation- parasympathetic = CN?
CN IX
Submandibular parasympathetic innervation = CN ?
CN VII
Sublingual parasympathetic innervation CN ?
CN VII
5 SOFT Muscles of palate
Levator Veli Palatini Tensor Veli Palatini Palatopharyngeus Palatoglossus Musculus Uvuli
ALL SOFT MUSCLES OF PALATE INNERVATED BY VAGUS NERVE EXCEPT
TENSOR VELI PALATINI (V3)
Levator Veli Palatini
Helps lift palate and clear way
Tensor Veli Palatini
Tenses palate for swallowing
Palatopharyngeus & Palatoglossus
Funnel effect for swallowing
Musculus Uvuli
Closes off choane to keep food/water going up nose
3 parts of pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
opening of eustachian tubes (connect middle ear to nasopharynx), adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil)
Oropharynx
begins @ uvula, ends @ epiglottis
Laryngopharynx
begins @ epiglottis, ends around C6, piriform recess - natural trap for food
all muscles of Pharynx are innervated by (note exception..)
all CN X EXCEPT stylopharyngeus (IX)
Larynx begins at
Larynx ends at
C4-C6
lateral geniculate body relay nuclei relays
vision
ventral posterior relay nucleus relays
pain/temp.
