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Anatomy > Anatomy Test #3 Lecture #1 Material > Flashcards

Anatomy Test #3 Lecture #1 Material Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are there in the skull?

A

22 bones attached to each other by sutures

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2
Q

What are the two parts that the skull can be divided into

A
  1. the neurocranium (the upper part). It’s the cranium vault (cavity) and the skull cap (calvaria)
  2. the viscerocranium (the lower part, bones around the mouth). It’s the fascial skeleton
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3
Q

What is the function of the neurocranium?

A

It houses and protects the brain

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4
Q

Describe the dividing line between the neurocranium and the viscerocranium

A

The dividing line for these two components passes through the lower 1/3rd of the orbits, the nasal cavity, and external auditory meati

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5
Q

The term cranium may be used to describe

A

the skull minus the mandible

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6
Q

Neurocranium bones:

A 
PEST OF 6
Parietal bones (2)
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bones (2)
Occipital bone
Frontal bone
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7
Q

Viscerocranium bones:

A 
Nicole Loves Zesty INC ‘s Magenta Velvet Pants
Nasal bones (2)
Lacrimal bones (2)
Zygomatic bones (2)
Inferior Nasal Conchae 
Maxilla
Vomer (unpaired)
Palatine bone
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8
Q

what forms the cranial vault?

A

the calvaria and the cranial cavity floor

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9
Q

divide the nose into left and right, and when you deviate the septum you deviate these:

A

vomer and the perpendicular plate

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10
Q

cranial bones are separated by

A

FIBROUS SUTURES which form FIBROUS JOINTS

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11
Q

A younger individuals suture joints would

A

have more joint integrity, so they would be more defined and clear. Older peoples suture joints have poor to no integrity as they are fused so they won’t have the joints.

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12
Q

Neurocranium

A

formed by the bones making the calvaria (or “skull cap”), which are the fused frontal bones, paired parietal bones, the squamous portion of the temporal bones, and the occipital bones. These bones are separated from one another by sutures, which become ossified in old age

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13
Q

the coronal suture

A

between frontal bone and parietal bone, it runs through the frontal plane
helps form “soft spot” or bregma in the infant

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14
Q

the sagittal suture

A

separates the parietal bones from each other. Runs through the sagittal plane (left and right)

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15
Q

the lamboid / lambdoidal suture

A

separates the occipital bone and two parietal bones

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16
Q

the squamosal suture

A

between parietal bone and the squamous portion of the temporal bone

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17
Q

Wormian bones or sutural bones

A

found within sutures / sutures of individual calvaria bones; Also known as Inca bones

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18
Q

Metopic suture

A
  • separates the frontal bones prior to their fusion around six to eight months of age. Fastest suture to ossify
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19
Q

fontanelles

A

large unossified gaps between bones filled with fibrous tissue
They close in the first year after birth
complete ossification occurs later in life

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20
Q

anterior fontanelle vs posterior fontanelle

A

anterior is between the frontal and coronal sutures. It is also called the bregma. It has a diamond shape
the posterior fontanelle is between the occipital bone and the parietal bones. It is diamond shaped

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21
Q

infant skull vs adult skull

A

as an infant the neurocranium is disproportionately huge. It takes up most of our skull
adult skull the viscerocranium elongates so that it is pretty equal in size to the neurocranium

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22
Q

Eustachian tube

A

a little tiny tube (1.4 inches in length) that is partially cartilage partially bone, that runs from your middle ear (deep to eardrum), and then terminates in your nasal pharynx (behind nasal cavity)

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23
Q

Why do we have Eustachian tubes?

A

to equalize the pressure in your middle ear

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24
Q

Infant vs Adult Eustachian tube?

A

in the baby its more horizontal. In an adult when it goes medially it runs down and forward (bc of the viscerocranium elongating).

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25
Q

Why do infants get more ear infections?

A

If an Infection in the pharynx reflexes up to middle ear, an adult is more likely to be able to drain it back out through their Eustachian tube. But in infants it can’t as easily drained because of the anatomical orientation of their Eustachian tube (which is more horizontal than adults, causing less drainage)
Kids might get tubes in their ears to help it drain out

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26
Q

describe the neurocranium boney make up:

A

Calavaria:

  1. Deep Inner Table – Compact Bone
    - Periosteuim attaches to Dura Mater
  2. Diploe – Cancellous Bone (soft and squishy).
    - Cancellous bones contains veins which are named for the area where they are located. Ie: occipital
  3. Superficial Outer Table – Compact Bone
    - Periosteuim attaches to scalp
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27
Q

The diploe layer of neurocranium has spaces which hold and protect

A

red bone marrow

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28
Q

Other than red bone marrow, what else runs in the diploe layer of scalp?

A

blood vessels! Specifically, diploic veins

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29
Q

Diploic veins are named for

A

the bone that they reside in

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30
Q

Diploic veins course within the cancellous bone - these are the ___ veins, ____ ___ veins, the ___ ___ veins, and the ___ veins.

A

frontal, anterior temporal, posterior temporal and occipital

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31
Q

what do diploic veins do?

A

drain the neurocranium, so they drain the scalp

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32
Q

a scalp vein joins into an _____ vein to go from the outer table, through the diploe layer, through the internal table. The emissary vein also picks up the ____ veins

A

emissary vein

emissary vein also picks up diploic veins

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33
Q

emissary vein plus veins it picks up drain into

A

The superior sagittal sinus

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34
Q

Diploic veins terminate in the

A

dorsal venous sinuses

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35
Q

the superior sagittal sinus picks up majority of the your intercranial blood. It flushes out into the ____ direction to make it back to the heart

A

posterior

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36
Q

emissary veins, and what could be bad about them…

A

pass from the scalp and diploic veins to the venous circulation of the brain
THESE COMMUNCATIONS MAY PROVIDE A ROUTE FOR THE SPREAD OF INFECTION

37
Q

encephalitis

A

a scalp infection that can be caused by the emissary veins. It is a swelling and infection throughout the brain veins. It can cause the brain to compress and the blood vessels to be smooshed

38
Q

The orbit of the skull is a pyramidal shaped socket. Name its borders

A

How to Remember:
MS. ELFZ

Roof: frontal bone
Medial wall: lacrimal and ethmoid bones (orbital plate)
Lateral wall: zygomatic bones
Floor: maxilla
Apex: greater wing of sphenoid bone
39
Q

The orbit is a pyramid-shaped cavity which lies above the

A

maxillary sinus and just lateral to the nasal cavity

40
Q

Optic Canal function

A

Transmits:

  • the optic nerve (CN II)
  • the ophthalmic artery
41
Q

Superior orbital fissure function

A

Transmits:

  • the ophthalmic division of CN V (trigeminal nerve)
  • superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
  • cranial nerves III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear), and VI (abducens)
42
Q

Orbit-Foramina

A
  1. Optic canal
  2. Superior Orbital fissure
  3. Inferior Orbital fissure
  4. Infraorbital groove
43
Q

Lefort fractures 1, 2, and 3

A

also referred to as a dashboard injury - the car stops, but you keep going because you’re not wearing a seatbelt. fractures in the face.
1- an arch right over maxilla and inferior portion of piriform fossa
2. an arch that comes up higher in maxilla and skirts along the inferior edges of the orbits
3. goes transversely through orbits (worst one)

44
Q

pterion (p is silent)

A

a landmark- go from top of the ear and go forward about an inch and a half. It is the point of articulation between 4 bones of the skull : the frontal bone, the parietal bone, the temporal bone, and the sphenoid bone. It is a weak spot because it is the thinnest portion of the skull.

45
Q

Why is it bad to have your pterion fractured?

A

because it houses the middle meningeal artery. This mostly effects the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery. CAUSES AN EPIDURAL HEMATOMA which is bleeding in the epidural space)

46
Q

the middle meningeal artery branches off into

A

anterior and posterior meningeal artery

47
Q

the middle meningeal artery supplies blood to the

A

dura mater of the brain, and it runs in the epidural space

48
Q

the middle meningeal artery is between

A

the dura mater and the bones of the skull. When there is a hematoma a big blood clot forms in this space

49
Q

Bones of your cranial vault - the frontal bone - forms your

A

orbital plates- which cover your orbits

it also forms your forehead

50
Q

your frontal bone contains

A

the frontal lobes - cerebral cortex

51
Q

your occipital bone forms the

A

posterior portion & floor of the cranial vault

52
Q

Bones of your cranial vault - your occipital bone - contains your

A

contains the foramen magnum

contains your brainstem and cerebellum

53
Q

3 parts of the floor of the cranial vault

A

the frontal bone
the sphenoid bone
the occipital bone

54
Q

what lives in the hypophyseal fossa?

A

the pituitary gland

55
Q

the sella turcica / Turks Saddle

A 
part of the sphenoid bone that includes
the hypophyseal body and shenoid body
the bump out in front called the tuburculum sellae
the dorsum sellae
the posterior clinoid processes
56
Q

the clivus of the occipital bone articulates with the

A

sphenoid bone

57
Q

what do the occipital condyles do?

A

make the Atlanto-Occipital joint. They protrude down and fit into transverse faucets of the atlantis

58
Q

Medial and Lateral pterygoid plates

A

project downward and are an important attachment for the pterygoid muscles that move the mandible

59
Q

Body of the sphenoid bone includes the

A
  • Hypophyseal Fossa
  • Posterior Clinoids (Anterior Clinoids are part of lesser wing)
  • Sellae Turcica
60
Q

What is the importance of the mastoid part of the temporal bone?

A

Babies don’t have it. Muscles originate here which pull the bone down to create it

61
Q

petrous portion of temporal bone

A

This is a very hard boney part of the temporal bone. It houses the cochlea, the 3 semicircular canals and vestibule.

62
Q

3 sensory receptors of inner ear

A

1- cochlea

  1. 3 semicircular canals
  2. vestibule
63
Q

The 3 inner Ear houses structures are responsible for

A

Hearing (Cochlea)

  • Balance (Semicircular Canals)
    - CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear) carries these to brain
64
Q

What nerve runs through the inner ear?

A

The vestibulochlear nerve AKA Cranial nerve 8. It carries hearing and balance information to the brain

65
Q

What is the cochlea responsible for?

A

It has sensory receptors in it that pick up vibrations in ear and convert them to electrical pulses for the brain to hear (auditory)

66
Q

the inner ear houses structures for auditory and ____

A

equilibrium! and balance!

  1. senses changes in the head position (moving head left and right)
    - 3 semicircular canal sense head movement in the 3 planes
  2. the vestibule senses static head positioning, so like on a carnival ride. It tells you some movement isn’t good
67
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve 8

A

carries auditory and equilibrium/balance information to brain from inner ear

68
Q

stylomastoid foramen

A

between the styloid process and mastoid process, it transmits cranial nerve 7 which does the face (Smile, frowning, winking)

69
Q

bells palsy

A

temporary peralosis of nerve 7

70
Q

After removing the calvaria, look into the cranial cavity and note the

A

three paired cranial fossae

71
Q

names of three paired cranial fossa

A

(1) the anterior cranial fossa, (2) the middle cranial fossa, and (3) the posterior cranial fossa

72
Q

Posterior cranial fossa

A 
Contains cerebellum and brainstem
Formed by:
Occipital bone
Petrous part of temporal
Parietal bone

TO REMEMBER:
Oh, Please Patrick

73
Q

Middle cranial fossa

A 
Contains temporal lobes of cerebral cortex
Formed by:
Greater wing of sphenoid
Parietal bone
Squamous and petrous temporal bone

TO REMEMBER:
GPS
You use GPS when you’re lost in the MIDDLE of nowhere

74
Q

Anterior cranial fossa

A 
Contains frontal lobes of cerebral cortex
Formed by:
Lesser wing of sphenoid
Orbital plates
Cribriform plates and crista galli

TO REMEMBER:
LOC: med abbrev for loss of consciousness
If you get punched anteriorly, you pass out aka LOC

75
Q

Christa galli

A

a ridge on ethmoid bone- it helps anchor the dura matter

“Rooster’s Comb” protruding up between the cribriform plates

76
Q

cribriform plates

A

little openings that allow cranial nerve 1 , which is your olfactory nerve to pass through nasal cavity into cranial cavity. It’s not a solid nerve. Its a bunch of little units that pass through these openings

77
Q

temparomandibular joint

A

The TMJ is formed by the articulation of the mandibular fossa and the head of the mandible

78
Q

The mandible forms the lower jaw and articulates with the skull via the

A

temporomandibular joint

79
Q

what kind of joint is the TMJ

A

Its a combination of a hinge and a ball and socket joint

Multiaxial joint: Protrude, Retract, Elevate, and Depress

80
Q

what protects the TMJ from wearing down due to overuse?

A

an articular disk - its acts like a mattress

81
Q

mental foramen are found on either side of the chin. What runs through them?

A

the inferior alveolar nerve
It enters through the mandibular foramen, then gives off sensory endings to your lower row of teeth, then exits through the mental formen, where it turns into your mental nerve.

82
Q

What do they do at the dentist to num lower mouth?

A

they give a shot to the inferior alveolar nerve

83
Q

layers of the scalp

A

Superficial to Deep
Skin
Connective tissue (Dense-contains blood vessels and sensory nerve endings)
Aponeurotic layer (galea aponeurotica)
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum (fibrous layer that covers outer table of bone)

84
Q

Mandibular foramen - site for a dental block (inferior alveolar nerve passes through and terminates as

A

mental nerve

85
Q

why is it dangerous to get infection in the loose connective tissue of skin?

A

because the infection can travel!

86
Q

The aponeurosis of the scalp is also known as the

A

Galea Aponeurotica. It goes from the frontal bones to the occipital bones. Aponeurosis = two muscles attached.

87
Q

Viscerocranium - formed by the union of the ____ bones and the _____ bones

A

maxillary bones and the zygomatic bones

88
Q

Squamosal - parietal from squamous portion of ___ ___

A

of temporal bone

Anatomy (23 decks)

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