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Anatomy > Anatomy Test 3 - The Brain Part 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Test 3 - The Brain Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Median Longitudinal Fissure

A

separates the left hemisphere from the right hemisphere

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2
Q

Note the numerous folds (elevations) and creases (depressions) in the cerebral cortex - known as

A

gyri(elevation) and sulci(depression), respectively

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3
Q

Purpose of sulci and gyri?

A

allow the brain to fit into the skull

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4
Q

Central sulcus

A

a vertical sulcus that runs pretty much from top of the cerebral cortex down to the bottom. Not interrupted by gyri
-Seperates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

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5
Q

Precentral sulcus

A

rostral to central sulcus and IS interrupted by gyri

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6
Q

postcentral sulcus

A

posterior to central sulcus, partially interrupted by gyri

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7
Q

lateral (Sylvian) fissure

A

depression on the lower side of the cerebral cortex. First structure on the brain to have a name
-separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

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8
Q

How many lobes does the cerebral cortex have?

A

6 total
4 you can see from the side, 2 are primitive so you can’t really see them as they are covered up

frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal and the other 2

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9
Q

Precentral Gyrus location

and what lobe?

A

Part of the frontal lobe. It is located between the precentral sulcus and the central sulcus.

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10
Q

Discuss the importance of the Precentral Gyrus

A

It is also called the primary motor area (or cortex)

  • Pyramidal tract fibers originate here
  • These big fibers descend into the brainstem down as far as it will go, and control FINE DIGITAL AND VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
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11
Q

Homonculus…. and what region of the body is it on

A

regions of the body represented on the primary motor area
-shows neuronal mass concentrations for each body part
-Notice inverse relationship. Lower body controlled by the upper portion of cerebral cortex, and upper body is controlled by the lower portion of cerebral cortex.
Note: top of the gyrus controls the lower body.

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12
Q

The cerebral cortex consists of an exterior layer of “___ ____ “ and a deep layer of “___ ___”

A

exterior layer = gray matter (cells)

deep layer = white matter (mylinated)

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13
Q

Location of Premotor Cortex and what is next to it?

A

It is infront of the precentral gyrus. Next to it is the supplementary area (abbreviated as SMA)

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14
Q

Premotor Cortex purpose

A

Controls gross motor movement as well as trunk movement

-follows a homoncular pattern- lower portion controls more upper portion of body and visa versa

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15
Q

Supplementary motor area is for:

A

-For motor planning
-Plans the performance of sequence of motions from memory (kind of muscle memory)… (as opposed to movements guided by a visual cue)
An example: putting on a coat. We’ve done it so many times, we can put it on without even looking at it

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16
Q

Below the supplementary motor area is the

A

Premotor cortex (PMC)

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17
Q

Premotor cortex (PMC) is mostly associated with

A

gross motor movement / trunk movement

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18
Q

The little area just rostral to the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) and Premotor Cortex (PMC) is called

A

the frontal eye fields

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19
Q

Frontal Eye Fields purpose

A

Motor control of extraoccular movements.

Permits conjugate movement/ conjugate deviation of eyes- eyes move at the same speed and in the same direction

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20
Q

What does the frontal eye fields give rise to?

A

fiber pathways that descend down to brain down to cranial nerves that control eye movement

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21
Q

Prefrontal area or the prefrontal cortex

A

the rest of the area infront (rostral) of the premotor area and the frontal eye fields.

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22
Q

Functions of the prefrontal cortex

A 
“CEO” of the Brain
Executive Control
Personality
Emotions
Problem Solving 
Reasoning
Decision Making
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23
Q

Broadmanns area map

A

numbered areas of the cerebral cortex

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24
Q

Pars orbitalis

A

part of the basal portion of the prefrontal cortex

-language production

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25
Q

Pars triangularis

A

behind the pars orbitalis

working assembly for language assembly

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26
Q

Pars Opercularis

A

behind pars triangular

speech motor function

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27
Q

3 structures of the frontal lobe’s inferior frontal gyrus

A

Pars orbitalis, Pars triangular, Pars opercularis

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28
Q

Broca’s Motor Speech Area -
its on cerebral cortex and it drives ____
what side of body are most dominant for speech on?
a lesion to this =

A

o a portion of our cerebral cortex that drives motor speech
o most of us are dominant for speech on left side 80-95%
o lesions = Expressive Aphasia

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29
Q

What makes up Broca’s motor speech area?

A

Pars triangularis and pars opercularis

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30
Q

Expressive Aphasia

A

an injury to Broca’s motor speech area that results in the loss of ability to form words and speech. Interestingly enough, some of the only words these people can say is profanity

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31
Q

The area right behind the central gyrus is called the ____ and what lobe is it located in?

A

the post central gyrus and it is located in the parietal lobe

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32
Q

The post central gyrus is also called the

A

somesthetic sensory area

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33
Q

Post Central Gyrus / Somesthetic Sensory Area purpose?

A

The primary receiving area for general sensation

Receives projections from thalamic relay nuclei

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34
Q

Types of General Sensation

A

pain and temperature but also

  • stereognosis
  • 2 point discrimination
  • kinesthetic sense
  • vibration
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35
Q

stereognosis

A

the ability to hold something in your hand and tell the shape of it without looking at it

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36
Q

2 point discrimination

A

the ability to recognize the difference between two points touched on your skin that are close together

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37
Q

kinesthetic sense / joint proprioception

A

the ability to know where your limbs are in space without looking at them

38
Q

vibration

A

the ability to detect a vibrating object that is touched to your skin

39
Q

General Sensory Association area is found where?

A

the area is found behind the post central gyrus

40
Q

General Sensory Association does what?

A

it processes and associates or defines general sensory information. It decides how intense a sensation was

41
Q

2 primary gross areas within the general sensory association area and what separates them?

A
  1. The superior parietal lobule
  2. The inferior parietal lobule
    These are separated by the interparietal sulcus
42
Q

what makes up the inferior parietal lobule

A
  1. the supramarginal gyrus

2. the angular gyrus (behind the supramarginal gyrus)

43
Q

What does the supramarginal gyrus do?

A
  • it provides sensory feedback to help plan or guide motor tasks
  • it provides texture feedback/discrimination input for motor -tasks.
  • INTERPRETS / HELPS TACTILE LEARNING AND MEMORY
44
Q

Dyspraxia

A

injury to supramarginal gyrus. Results in inability to provide sensory feedback to plan and guide motor tasks
Two types: (think of guy trying to put shirt on)
-Ideational- a person really doesn’t know what to do. More challenging than ideomotor
Ideomotor- a person knows what to do but just can’t carry out the motor task. Makes it hard for single step processes

45
Q

Function of the angular gyrus

A

Reading Association! Meaning you have to see the word and understand the word before you can read it.

46
Q

Disorders associated with angular gyrus

A
  1. reading delay
  2. agraphia
  3. acalculia
  4. finger agnosia
47
Q

What is a primary cortical area?

A

that portion of cerebral cortex that receives direct projections from sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus

48
Q

What is association cortex-
receive direct projections from the ___ ____ ___ then project into the ___ _____ so that we can make decisions about the information so that we can decide in a ___ ____

A

receive direct projections from the primary cortical areas then project into the association area so that we can make decisions about the information so that we can decide in a motor fashion

49
Q

What is aphasia? what areas… specifically

A

the inability to form words and thus communicate. Injury to Broca’s Motor speech area which consists of pars triangularis and pars opercularis

50
Q

what is dyspraxia?

A

an individual cannot take tactile information and integrate the information to know what to do with it and so they can’t produce a motor response to it (put on clothes or use a tool)

51
Q

the occipital lobe is separated from the parietal lobe by

A

the parietal occipital sulcus

52
Q

2 main parts of the occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex and visual association cortex

53
Q

Oromotor dyspraxia

A

also called verbal apraxia or apraxia of speech: Makes it difficult to coordinate muscle movements needed to pronounce words. Kids with dyspraxia may have speech that is slurred and difficult to understand because they’re unable to enunciate

54
Q

The occipital lobe is the area containing the primary visual cortex. It receives information from

A

Thalamic Visual Relay Nuclei (the lateral geniculate body)

55
Q

The primary visual cortex (medial occipital cortex) has two parts:
and what separates them?

A

the gyrus cuneus and below it the lingual gyrus

the calcarine sulcus separates them

56
Q

Lesion to primary visual cortex results in?

A

cortical blindness- loss of integration of visual
input, with resulting Visual Agnosia,
implying the ability to see objects and
the environment, but having difficulty
in properly identifying what’s being seen

57
Q 
Visual association (lateral occipital cortex) includes
-hint its three types of gyri
A

Lateral Occipital Gyrus
Superior Occipital Gyrus
Inferior Occipital Gyrus

58
Q

association visual cortex allows for

A

integration of visual information. So they won’t recognize what they see

59
Q

visual agnosia is a lesion to? What does it cause?

A

lesion to visual association cortex.

It causes the person to not be able to recognize what they see.

60
Q

the 3 temporal lobe gyri

A

Superior Temporal Gyrus
middle temporal gyrus
inferior temporal gyrus

61
Q

what separates the superior temporal gyrus from the

middle temporal gyrus?

A

the superior temporal sulcus

62
Q

what separates the middle temporal gyrus from the inferior temporal gyrus?

A

the inferior temporal sulcus

63
Q

What is in the Superior Temporal Gyrus?

A

anterior transverse temporal gyri also known as Heschels

64
Q

anterior transverse temporal gyri (AKA Heschels) is the

A

primary auditory cortex

65
Q

The primary auditory cortex is where

A

we receive information from thalamic relay nuclei

66
Q

Wernike’s Speech Association Area (pronounced Vernicke)

A

dominant on the left

where we have language comprehension

67
Q

receptive aphasia

A

injury to wernike’s speech association area (stroke or dramatic injury to brain) causing a person to not be able to understand or comprehend speech

68
Q

Note: Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area are connected by the ____ _____

A

Arcuate Fasciculus

69
Q

Where is wernike’s area?

A

It is between the temporal lobe and the parietal lobe (supramarginal gyrus and Superior Temporal Gyrus)

70
Q

What side of our brain is responsible for speech understanding and our production of speech?

A

the left side of our body

71
Q

the primary olfactory area is located

A

at the rostral portion of the temporal lobe

72
Q

the primary olfactory area communicates with

A

the olfactory association cortex (called the entorhinal cortex)

73
Q

Primary Olfactory Area is the area that is responsible for

A

receiving area for smell.

74
Q

incoming olfactory information does not pass through

A

the thalamus!

75
Q

What are the two lobes that are not visible?

A

the limbic lobe - the emotional brain

the insular lobe- found deep within the sylvian fissure

76
Q

a very important structure associated with the limbic lobe and what is it’s believed function

A

the hippocampus - associated with emotional behavior memory

77
Q

what brain structure is associated with Alzheimers disease?

A

the hippocampus

78
Q

the insular lobe

A

also known as the island of Riel - nobody is 100% sure what it does. It may have some sensory and motor visceral function or taste and olfactory function.

79
Q

what do basal ganglia do?

A

they kind of direct our automatic movements that we make without much thought process

80
Q

what does the basal ganglia consist of?

A

globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra

81
Q

Lateral ventricle

A
  • there is one of these in each cerebral hemisphere - note the caudate nucleus, which forms the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle; ends at Amygdala
82
Q

what amygdala for?

A

emotional fear

83
Q

Fornix

A

connects the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies

84
Q

Corpus callosum

A

above the thalamus and consists of a large group of commissural fibers interconnecting the two cerebral hemispheres

85
Q

Gyrus cinguli

A

above the thalamus and serves as a receiving/integrating cortex for the limbic system;

86
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

underneath the hypothalamus and interconnect the limbic system with the olfactory system

87
Q

the caudet nucleus

A

has a head, body and a tail. The tail ends in the amygdala. This is in the temporal lobe

88
Q

agraphia

A

difficulty writing and spelling

89
Q

acalculia

A

difficulty with simple math problems

90
Q

finger agnosia

A

wouldn’t be able to answer how many fingers am I holding, and which fingers am I holding?

Anatomy (23 decks)

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