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Genetics > Slideshow 2 > Flashcards

Slideshow 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ploidy def

A

the # of full sets of chromosomes in the nucleus

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2
Q

Homologous chromosomes def

A

ones that are the same and bear same genes in the same order

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3
Q

Genome def

A

collection of all genes in haploid

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4
Q

how do you represent a ploidy

A

represented in terms of n

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5
Q

gamete + gamete is equal to what

A

zygote

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6
Q

polypoid

A

more than 2 full sets of chromosomes in the nucleus

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7
Q

what is n

A

n holds the species specific # of chromosomes in a species genome

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8
Q

n is what

A

a haploid cell

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9
Q

2n is what

A

a diploid cell

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10
Q

homosapiens ploidy

A

23 (46)

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11
Q

what is a gamete

A

a haploid cell

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12
Q

what is a zygote

A

a diploid cell

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13
Q

The cell cycle of eukaryotic cells includes what 2 main sections

A
  1. interphase
  2. cell division
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14
Q

What are the 3 steps of interphase

A

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase

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15
Q

What happens in G1 phase

A

cell is doing its thang

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16
Q

what happens S PHase

A

Synthesis
the DNA is doubled

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17
Q

What happens in the G2 phase

A

making lots of extra organelles, meaning the double everything else

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18
Q

What happens after G2,

A

the cell divides

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19
Q

what are the steps of cell division in a eukaryotic cell

A

Prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis

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20
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

the moment in time where 1 becomes 2

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21
Q

if mitosis starts with 4n, what does each daughter cell end with? how many daughter cells?

A

2 daughter cells with the same ploidy as the parent cell. so each has 4n

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22
Q

if meiosis starts with 2n, what does each daughter cell end with ? how many daughter cells are there?

A

4 daughter cells each with half the ploidy of the parent cell. so each has n

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23
Q

DNA replication is when one chromatid does what

A

duplicates and becomes two sister chromatids

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24
Q

what are sister chromatids held together by

A

a protein complex named “cohesion complex”

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25
Q

paternal and maternal chromatids are what in relation to each other

A

they are non sister chromatids but are a homologous pair

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26
Q

somatic cell def

A

the cells of the “body”

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27
Q

what process do somatic cells go through

A

mitosis

28
Q

meiocyte def, where is it ?

A

part of the germline
can go through mitosis and meiosis

29
Q

what is meiosis for in a meiocyte

A

gametogenesis

30
Q

what is the importance of DNA replication?

A

necessary for viable daughter cells. they need the same ploidy number

31
Q

Chromatin def

A

the material from which eukaryotic chromosmes is made

32
Q

what image helps describe chromatin?

A

beads on a string

33
Q

percentages that make up a chromatin

A

60 % histone proteins and 40 % DNA

34
Q

What is the beads on a string? why do they do it?

A

DNA is wrapped around the collection of histone proteins in the histone core . They do this to save space .
THINK OF FRUIT ROLL UP ANALOGY

35
Q

centromere def

A

where cohesion complex is, also just the indented portion of the chromosome

36
Q

where is the cohesion complex

A

the centromere

37
Q

telomere def

A

the two ends of a linear chromosome

38
Q

chromosome arms def

A

the two sections of the chromosome . short arm is p and long arm is q in humans

39
Q

karyotype def

A

is an illustration that shows the haploid or diploid complement of chromosomes from a species cell

40
Q

what are chromosomes 1-22 considered in the human

A

autosomes

41
Q

what is chromosome 23 in the human

A

sex chromosome

42
Q

what does the human karyotype show

A

all 23 chromosomes

43
Q

what does chromosome 23 determine

A

sex at birth

44
Q

Mitosis 5 phases

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

45
Q

what happens in interphase of mitosis

A

g1, s, g2

46
Q

what happens in prophase of mitosis

A

condensation of chromosomes, MTOCS form at the poles, nucleus has disolved

47
Q

what happens in metaphase of mitosis

A

microtubules grow out of MTOC
chromosomes reach the equator

48
Q

what happens in anaphase of mitosis

A

sister chromatids separate

49
Q

what happens in telophase of mitosis

A

chromosomes reach poles
nuclei reform

50
Q

What does MTOC stand for ?

A

microtubule organizing center

51
Q

Another name for Centrosome ?

A

MTOC

52
Q

Kinetochore def

A

a complex of proteins that assemble at the centromere and serve as attatchment points for spindle fibers

53
Q

microtubule is also called ?

A

spindle fiber

54
Q

what is a microtuble?

A

a polymer of the protein tubulin (chain)

55
Q

Meiosis is 2n into what

A

n n n n

56
Q

Is there two stages of meiosis or mitosis ?

A

meiosis

57
Q

when does synapsis occur

A

during prophase I of meiosis

58
Q

what is synapsis

A

when chromatids of homologous chromosomes entangle with and attach to each otherand switch sections of material

59
Q

what are chromatids called that underwent synapsis

A

recombinant chromatids

60
Q

synaptonemal complex def

A

a protein complex that gives together the homologous chromosomes

61
Q

Chiasma def

A

a point of crossover during synapsis

62
Q

does the chromosome physicall switch material ever ? if yes, when?

A

during synapsis.at the chiasma

63
Q

What is another name for meiosis I

A

reduction division

64
Q

What happens in Metaphase I of meiosis

A

the chromosomes line up like a tetrad, not a line like mitosis

65
Q

what is another name for meiosis II

A

mitosis like division

66
Q
A

Genetics (15 decks)

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