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Genetics > Slideshow 10 > Flashcards

Slideshow 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 properties of DNA

A

Informational
Replicable
Mutable

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2
Q

Informational def

A

provides the info needed to produce certain molecules

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3
Q

replicable def

A

can be copied for transmission to other cells and generations

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4
Q

mutable def

A

Its replication/copying process is not error free

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5
Q

what used to be the two leading contneders for the heritable molecule

A

protein or dna

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6
Q

Who did a more intnese and specific test of Grittiths test

A

Aver, Macleod, and McCarty in 1944

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7
Q

5 components of S strain were

A

Polysaccharides, Lipids, RNA, Protein, and DNA

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8
Q

when what was destroyed did the mouse live

A

DNA led to a living mouse with no live S strain in it

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9
Q

What is DNA responsible for

A

for transformation, and also determining phenotype

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10
Q

What did Hershey and CHase do and when?

A

IN 1952 they confirmed in 2 seperate tests that DNA was the heretible molecule

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11
Q

2 tests of hershey and chase

A

Testing proteins and then testing DNA

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12
Q

what happened when testing the radiolabelled protein

A

no radioactivity entereed the cell. and Phage bodies were radioactive.

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13
Q

what happened when testing the radiolabelled DNA

A

Radioactivity entered the cell. And then the bacteria was radioactive.

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14
Q

conclusion of hershey and chases test

A

that proteins are not genetic material, but DNA is

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15
Q

DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

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16
Q

Nucleotide def

A

The monomer of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

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17
Q

what is in nucleotide

A

donsists of a phosphate group, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenout base (A,C,T,G, or U)

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18
Q

A is

A

Adenine

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19
Q

G is

A

Guanine

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20
Q

C is

A

Cytosine

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21
Q

T is

A

Thymine

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22
Q

Purines are what (names)

A

Adenine and Guanine

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23
Q

Purines def

A

A nucleotide that is relatively wider, with two carbon-nitrogen rings

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24
Q

Pyrimidine are what (names)

A

CYtosine, and Thymine (U too)

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25
Q

Pyrmidine def

A

A nucleotide that is relatively narrower, with one carbon nitrogen ring

26
Q

Complementary base pairs def

A

nitrogen bases that pair with each other via hydrogen bonds, formin dsDNA

27
Q

WHat are the base pairs, and how many bonds

A

C with G (3 bonds)
A with T (2 bonds)

28
Q

What does 5’ to 3’ mean

A

the orientation of a nucleic acid strond based on the positions of the 5’ and 3’ carbonds at the ends of the polymer

29
Q

which way do the primes go

A

5 to 3

30
Q

Antiparallel def in dsDNA

A

the 2 strands are parallel but have opposit 5 to 3 polarities

31
Q

is dsDNA antiparallel or parallel

A

Antiparallel

32
Q

ATP stands for

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

33
Q

how many phosphate groups does atp have

A

3

34
Q

What did Chargaff defend in 1952

A

he provided evidence for the double stranded nature of DNA using sea urchins

35
Q

Chargaffs rules

A

A = T+C = G
A+C = G+T
A+T /=/ C+G

36
Q

what can sequences be rich in

A

either a and t OR c and g

37
Q

what type of manner does DNA replicate in

A

a semi conservative manner

38
Q

B-DNA is what

A

the energetically stable form

39
Q

Know about grooves

A

Major (larger area and more info)
Minor (smaller and hardly any infor)

40
Q

Helicase def

A

melts dsDNA into template strands

41
Q

Gyrase def

A

keeps DNA about to be melted straight/untangled

42
Q

Replication fork def

A

the current position of helicase, at the border between melted and unmelted DNA

43
Q

Single Stranded binding protein def (SSBP)

A

Prevents reannealing of separated template strands

44
Q

LEading and lagging strands

A

the 2 template strands

45
Q

DNA polymerase III def

A

the enzyme responsible for the majority of daughter strand synthesis

46
Q

primase def

A

an enzyme that adds RNA primers to template strands

47
Q

RNA primer def

A

short RNA sequence that provides a short double stranded fragment to which DNA pol III ataches

48
Q

DNA Polymerase I def

A

an enzyme that removes the RNA primer and replaces with DNA nucleotides

49
Q

DNA ligase def

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a missing phosphodiester bond

50
Q

DNA Polymerases construct in what direction

A

5 to 3

51
Q

what is the replisome simply

A

a complex molecular machine

52
Q

replisome def

A

the collection of molecules responsible for DNA replication

53
Q

what is the clamp loader do

A

it is permanetly attached to the bases and produces the needed open clamps

54
Q

Is leading strand straight or curved

A

straight

55
Q

is lacking strand straight or curved

A

curved

56
Q

What does prokaryotic DNA replication require

A

2 replisomes and 1 orgin of replication

57
Q

3 engineering challenges of DNA replication

A
  1. Lots of DnA to copy
  2. proteins are in the way
  3. the telomeres lose length
58
Q

What is the solution for lots of DNA

A

add lots of orgins of replication

59
Q

what is the solution for proteins being in the way

A

Temporarily lose the histones

60
Q

what is the solution fo the telomeres losing length

A

a ribonucleoprotein telomerase helps prevent it in germline cells and cancer cells

61
Q

What does the telomerase do

A

makes the overhang even longer and gives a “buffer”

Genetics (15 decks)

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