Slide set 6 Flashcards
What is arteriosclerosis
Thickening of walls of arteries and loss of elasticity
What is athersclerosis
A progressive disease characterized by the formation of lesions on the walls of medium and large arteries called atherosclerotic plaques
What is coronary artery disease
Accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries; reduced blood flow to myocardium
Damaging effects of hypertension that are untreated
Blood vessels (thickening of tunica media - the middle part ( muscle) of the vessel
Heart (left ventricle enlarges, weakens)
Brain (stroke)
Kidney (thickening of arterioles; more renin secretion)
Lifestyle changes against hypertension
Weight loss Limit alcohol intake Exercise Reduce sodium intake Do not smoke Manage stress
Drug treatment to Hypertension
Diuretics(reduce the amount of liquid int he circulation),
vasodilators, (nitroglycerine, also sublingual one-very quick action)
ACE inhibitors (block Ang II formation-widen, or dilate, your blood vessels. That increases the amount of blood your heart pumps and lowers blood pressure. They also raise blood flow, which helps to lower your heart’s workload),
beta blockers (beta adrenergic receptor blocker- blocking adrenaline , help open up veins and arteries to improve flow)
Statins
Ca -channel blockers (reduce the force of contraction-heart work less hard)
Aspirin- anticoagulant, less viscous, heart easier to pump
Angioplasty (A procedure in which a small balloon at the tip of the catheter is inserted near the blocked or narrowed area of the coronary artery with a stent that will provide support inside the coronary artery)
Unstable vs stable angina
If the pain happens during certain activities and goes away with rest, it’s called stable angina. However, if the chest pain becomes more severe or frequent, lasts longer, or occurs while resting it’s called unstable angina.
Unstable-heart attack can happen any time
Blood consists of ___
Fluid(plasma) -55%and formed elements (cell)-45%
Percentage of plasma and formed elements change with
Disease
Drug use
Altitude
What proteins male up plasma and what is their percentage
6% of proteins in plasma of which
Albumins-58%
Globulins-38%
Fibrinogen-4%
How much water in plasma
92%
What are solutes in plasma?
In total they are 2 % of plasma Ions Nutrients Waste products Gases Regulatory substances
What has the highest proportion of formed elements in the blood
erythrocytes
Name leukocytes and their percentage
Neutrophils-60-70% Lymphocytes- 20-25% Monocytes- 3%-6% Eosinophis- 2%-4% Basophils 0.5%-1%
The place where plasma proteins are synthesized
Liver
Function of albumins
Carriers for various substances
Contributors to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma
Globulins: function
Clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers for various substances
Systemic arterioles carry ___ blood
Oxygenated
Fibrinogen function
Forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting
Transferrin function
Iron transfer
Osmotic pressure vs hydrostatic pressure
Whereas hydrostatic pressure (capillary hydrostatic pressure) forces fluid out of the capillary, osmotic pressure draws fluid back in. Osmotic pressure is created by the proteins in the blood.
The plasma proteins suspended in blood cannot move across the semipermeable capillary cell membrane, and so they remain in the plasma. As a result, blood has a higher colloidal concentration and lower water concentration than tissue fluid. It therefore attracts water.
The pressure created by the concentration of colloidal proteins in the blood is called ___
the blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP). It is determined by albumin concentration
Why is liver disease associated with edema
albumin is produced by the liver-> liver is ill->poor plasma protein production->no right BCOP
division in WBCs
Granulocytes (neutrophills,basophills,eosinophills)
Agranulocytes (monocytes, leucocytes)
The size of RBCs
7.5 micrometers
What is the structure of spectrin and what is it and function
Spectrin is a cytoskeleton protein that binds to the cytosolic side of the membrane protein
Spectrin is partly responsible for their elastic strength under deformation
Each spectrin molecule sonsists of 2 interwined polypetide chains (alpha and beta)
In RBCs have how much hemoglobin molecules
200 to 300 million
Structure of one hemoglobin
2 aplha and 2 beta globins each with a heme group. Each heme has 1 iron
Who binds to Oxygen and CO2 in hemoglobin
Oxygen-heme group
CO2-globulin
CO2 transfer in the body (3 ways)
70% bicarbonate buffer system through H2CO3-> HCO3 and H, and Cl will be taken inside the cell to have an exchange will HCO3
4% dissolved directly in blood
23% by carbaminohemoglobin
RBC differentiation
Take 4 days
All blood cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblast)
Differentiation begins with the appearance of proerythroblasts
Mitotic divisions then produce basophilic erythroblasts
Then polychromatic erythroblasts-these produce hemoglobin
These cells lose their nuclei and become reticulocytes
after that additional 24-36 hours they become mature
RBC differentiation happens in
Bone marrow
From stem cell you can get
Both WBCs and RBCs -depends on the stimuli
Platelets originate from
Breaking off Megakaryocyte
What is aplastic anemia
A reduction in the production of RBCs
Leukopenia is
A reduction of WBCs
A reduction in the production of thrombocytopenia is
reduction in the production of platelets, leaving the person at high risk of hemorrhage
Bone marrow cell production can be suppressed by
Drugs or radiation therapy
What is eryhtropoietin
Cytokine- glycoprotein
It is produced in response to low oxygen levels in the kidneys
Function of erythropoietin
Stimulates the bone marrow to accelerate its production of RBC, then stopped secreted ( negative feedback)
Why would athletes train at high altitudes
Less oxygen-> more stimulation of RBCs production
how destruction of RBCs happens
Macrophage cells in the liver and spleen will recognize warn out RBCs and perform phagocytosis on the them
This process results in the breakdown of Hemoglobin with the release of amino acids, iron, and pigmented bilirubin
What happens to all substituents of RBC after its destruction
Iron is returned to the bone marroe
Bilirubin is transported to the liver where it is excreted into the intestine as part of bile or urine
AAs are used for energy or the synthesis of new proteins
How iron is transferred after the absorption in the intestine to the bone marrow
Transferrin
Or to the liver and transformed to ferritin for storage
PCV or hematocrit is
Packed cell volume is the percent of RBC-> centrifugation separation
Normal hematocrit is
45% RBC for men and 42 for women , WBC and platelets (buffy coat) 1%
Change in PCV reasons
Anemia- reduced PCV
Polycythemia- increased PCV
Polycynthemia is
Bad, because increased blood viscosity
More RBCs
Function of neutrophils
Highly mobile and very active phagocytic cells
Capable of diapedesis( migrate out of BV and enter tissues; cytoplasmic granules contain lysosomes for destruction of bacterial cells
Function of eosinophils
Numerous in lining of respiratory and digestive tracts
Weak phagocytes
Provide protection against infections caused by parasitic worms and allergic reactions. Release anti-inflammatory substances in allergic reactions
Basophils function
Motile and capable of diapedesis; cytoplasmic granules contain histamine (inflammatory chemical) and heparin (anticoagulant)
Function of lymphocytes
Have T and B cells, Produced in thymus
T cells directly attack infected or cancerous cell, when B cells produce antibodies against specific antigens
Function of Monocytes
Mobile and highly phagocytic, ingests bacteria and cancerous cells
Lymphocytes have little ___
cytoplasm, most is nucleus
3 important properties if platelets
Agglutination, adhesiveness, and aggregation
Hemostasis is
Refers to stoppage of blood flow; however if injury is extensive, the blood-clotting mechanism is activated to assist
What is done in order platelets do not stick to each other in the normal state
endothelium of BV release prostacyclin and NO that prevents adhesion
What happens when the collagen is damaged
Plateles start to clamp, because there is no NO and prostacyclin and as a positive feedback it attracts more platelets ->temporal clot
then the coagulation cascade is activated-> activation of thrombin->conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin-> binds to platelets
The first thing that happens when we have damage to the blood vessel
Vasoconstriction to reduce the amount of blood loss
3 steps in blood clotting mechanism
- Release of clotting factors by both injured tissue and sticky platelets
- Formation of thrombin
- Formation of fibrin and trapping of blood cells to form a clot
ABO blood groups are named according to
Antigens present on RBCs
Types of ABO groups
Type A(antigen A, antobodies for B) Type B(antigen for B, antobodies for A) Type AB (antigen for A and B, no antibodies, universal recipient) Type O (no antigen, universal donor, has antibodies against A and B)
Have from birth
+ and - in blood groups meaning
Rh factor
What does + and - Rh factor mean
-, meaning that you do not have Rh naturally present on the surface of RBCs,
What will happen if you get not the right blood
Agglutination (clumping)
Anti Rh antibodies can appear under what circumstances
If Rh negative comes in contact with Rh positive
What will be given to a woman who has Rh- and her baby is Rh+
RhoGAM stops from making antibodies to Rh
