Slide set 6 Flashcards
What is arteriosclerosis
Thickening of walls of arteries and loss of elasticity
What is athersclerosis
A progressive disease characterized by the formation of lesions on the walls of medium and large arteries called atherosclerotic plaques
What is coronary artery disease
Accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries; reduced blood flow to myocardium
Damaging effects of hypertension that are untreated
Blood vessels (thickening of tunica media - the middle part ( muscle) of the vessel
Heart (left ventricle enlarges, weakens)
Brain (stroke)
Kidney (thickening of arterioles; more renin secretion)
Lifestyle changes against hypertension
Weight loss Limit alcohol intake Exercise Reduce sodium intake Do not smoke Manage stress
Drug treatment to Hypertension
Diuretics(reduce the amount of liquid int he circulation),
vasodilators, (nitroglycerine, also sublingual one-very quick action)
ACE inhibitors (block Ang II formation-widen, or dilate, your blood vessels. That increases the amount of blood your heart pumps and lowers blood pressure. They also raise blood flow, which helps to lower your heart’s workload),
beta blockers (beta adrenergic receptor blocker- blocking adrenaline , help open up veins and arteries to improve flow)
Statins
Ca -channel blockers (reduce the force of contraction-heart work less hard)
Aspirin- anticoagulant, less viscous, heart easier to pump
Angioplasty (A procedure in which a small balloon at the tip of the catheter is inserted near the blocked or narrowed area of the coronary artery with a stent that will provide support inside the coronary artery)
Unstable vs stable angina
If the pain happens during certain activities and goes away with rest, it’s called stable angina. However, if the chest pain becomes more severe or frequent, lasts longer, or occurs while resting it’s called unstable angina.
Unstable-heart attack can happen any time
Blood consists of ___
Fluid(plasma) -55%and formed elements (cell)-45%
Percentage of plasma and formed elements change with
Disease
Drug use
Altitude
What proteins male up plasma and what is their percentage
6% of proteins in plasma of which
Albumins-58%
Globulins-38%
Fibrinogen-4%
How much water in plasma
92%
What are solutes in plasma?
In total they are 2 % of plasma Ions Nutrients Waste products Gases Regulatory substances
What has the highest proportion of formed elements in the blood
erythrocytes
Name leukocytes and their percentage
Neutrophils-60-70% Lymphocytes- 20-25% Monocytes- 3%-6% Eosinophis- 2%-4% Basophils 0.5%-1%
The place where plasma proteins are synthesized
Liver
Function of albumins
Carriers for various substances
Contributors to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma
Globulins: function
Clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers for various substances
Systemic arterioles carry ___ blood
Oxygenated
Fibrinogen function
Forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting
Transferrin function
Iron transfer
Osmotic pressure vs hydrostatic pressure
Whereas hydrostatic pressure (capillary hydrostatic pressure) forces fluid out of the capillary, osmotic pressure draws fluid back in. Osmotic pressure is created by the proteins in the blood.
The plasma proteins suspended in blood cannot move across the semipermeable capillary cell membrane, and so they remain in the plasma. As a result, blood has a higher colloidal concentration and lower water concentration than tissue fluid. It therefore attracts water.
The pressure created by the concentration of colloidal proteins in the blood is called ___
the blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP). It is determined by albumin concentration
Why is liver disease associated with edema
albumin is produced by the liver-> liver is ill->poor plasma protein production->no right BCOP
division in WBCs
Granulocytes (neutrophills,basophills,eosinophills)
Agranulocytes (monocytes, leucocytes)
The size of RBCs
7.5 micrometers
What is the structure of spectrin and what is it and function
Spectrin is a cytoskeleton protein that binds to the cytosolic side of the membrane protein
Spectrin is partly responsible for their elastic strength under deformation
Each spectrin molecule sonsists of 2 interwined polypetide chains (alpha and beta)