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Mam Physiology > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

Why we have a tendency for declining reproductive health?

A

The number of chemicals registered
for commercial use now 30 percent increase since
1979.

Exposed through industrial releases,
contaminated food, household
products and cosmetics, and the
workplace
• Coinciding with this rise are
increased rates of infertility,
decreasing sperm counts and higher
rates of birth defects
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2
Q

Increase in progesterone during pregnancy can lead to

A

Hypospadias

Hypospadias is a common variation in fetal development of the penis in which the urethra does not open from its usual location in the head of the penis.

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3
Q

Hypospadias ( apart form progesterone can be caused by)

A 
Phthalates and BPA are found in toys,
food containers, cosmetics, and many
other consumer products. PBDEs are
used as flame retardants in household
furniture and electronics

Plastics

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4
Q

of couples are infertile and infertility is
increasing due to reduced sperm counts, exposure
to environmental toxicants, obesity and delayed
parenthood

A

15-17%

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5
Q

How many men are recognized infertile with a cause

A

4%

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6
Q

Who is born more in the last 30 years

A

girls

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7
Q

What is happening with a sperm

A

Numbers are declining, as well as quality, 85% if sperm produced in a men is DNA-damaged

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8
Q

Where the spermatogenesis happen

A

In testes, more specific in seminiferous tubule

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9
Q

What is the structure of seminiferous tubule

A

On the periphery there are spermatogonium, which are immature sperm cells .

Specific cell types:
Sertoni-support spermatogenesis and respond to FSH, nourishment and nursing

Leydig cells - outside the tubule, respond to LH,secrete testosterone

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10
Q

Stages in spermatogenesis

A

On the periphery there are spermatogonium, which are immature sperm cells . As they move towards the center they undergo different stages of meiosis and then when they are near the lumen , they will receive the tails, and now sperms

Spermatogonium divide by mitosis and one of the cell is selected to produce primary spermatocyte (the other stays as a sem cell and is continued to divide by mitosis), then after meiosis I it becomes secondary spermatocyte, then mitosis 2 ->spermatids-> receive tails->spermatozoa

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11
Q

Oocytes can only contain____

A

x chromosome

n=23

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12
Q

Recall meiosis

A 
Meiosis I: involves the
separation of homologous
chromosomes and recombination
• Meiosis II: involves the
separation of sister chromatids
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13
Q

Structure of spermatozoa

A

Head (where the genetic material is found), on the tip in acrosome that contains enzyme to digest the layer of oocyte
The midpiece, where a lot of mitochondria is found to propel the tail
and tail (flagella)

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14
Q

describe the pathway of hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis

A

GnRH ( gonadotropin release hormone) in hypothalamus activates the secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary and LH form posterior

FSH is going to bind sertoli cells, and by second messengers activate spermatogenesis

LH is going to stimulate Leydig cells,->release of testosterone

Testosterone will bind to androgen-binding protein (ABP), that was produced under FSH stimulation and promote spermatogenesis, as well as testosterone will have the effect on secondary male characteristics , and stimulate sertoli cells

When FSH activates the pathway of spermatogenesis, it produces also inhibin that will stop the secretion of FSH from pituitary

Testosterone will feeback GnRH and LH secretion

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15
Q

Is testicular cancer is treatable

A

Relatively yes

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16
Q

Two main parts of the uterus

A

The cervix and the body of the uterus

Also have fundus of uterus, follopian tibes, ovaries

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17
Q

Connection of ovary and follopian tubes is called

A

Infundibulum of the uterine tube

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18
Q

Where fertilization usually occurs

A

isthmus-Ampulla junction of uterine tube

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19
Q

Connection of the tube to the body of uterus

A

Isthmus

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20
Q

What is ectopic pregnancy

A

Ectopic pregnancy—development of the fetus in a place other than the
uterus- 95% in the fallopian tubes

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21
Q

When the girls is born what does she have already

A

All oocytes in meiosis 1

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22
Q

What happens at puberty with oocytes

A

Under the influence of FSH, they are going to grow from primary follicles->secondary follicles->graffian follicle (mature) and then ovulation, the follicle is arrested in meiosis 2

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23
Q

What will happen with cell development of oocyte with conception

A

It will undergo meiosis 2

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24
Q

The ovaries are endocrine
organs that secrete
the female sex hormones
(____)

A

estrogens and progesterone

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25
Q

Each uterine tube has three divisions

A

isthmus, ampulla, and infundibulum.

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26
Q

3 layers of uterus

A

endometrium
myometrium (mascular layer)
perimetrium ( the outter layer)

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27
Q

Histology of oviduct

A

Ciliated columnar cells

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28
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease

A

sexually transmitted
diseases can cause scarring and infertility

Destruction of cells lying the oviduct, lacking cilia-> may result in ectopic pregnancy

If a pelvic infection occurs in the tubes this can block the
passage, scar tissue, pus outside the tube can spread the
infection to other organs
• Cause of 1 in 4-ectopic pregnancy
• Pain upon palpation, may be discharge, fever some pelvic
discomfort

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29
Q

What is menstruation

A

spongy uterine wall
breaks down. The degenerating tissue,
blood, and unfertilized egg are passed
out as menstrual flow. Lasts 4-7 days

30
Q

Stages in menstrual cycle

A

Follicular Stage -
Ovulatory phase
Luteal phase

31
Q

How control pill work

A

A spike in LH is the key to induce
ovulation. Constant high levels of
estrogen (eg. Birth control pill) block the
LH surge and block ovulation.

32
Q

Explain follicular phase

A

Day 1 - bleeding. at the same time FSH causes several ‘follicles’ to rise on the surface of the ovary. These fluid filled “bumps” each contain an egg. Eventually, one of these follicle becomes dominant and within it develops a single mature egg; the other follicles shrink back. If more than one follicle reaches maturity, this can lead to twins or more. The maturing follicle produces the hormone estrogen, which increases over the follicular phase and peaks in the day or two prior to ovulation. The lining of the uterus (endometrium) becomes thicker and more enriched with blood in the second part of this phase (after menstruation is over), in response to increasing levels of estrogen. High levels of estrogen stimulate the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which in turn stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH). On about day 12, surges in LH and FSH cause the egg to be released from the follicle. The surge in LH also causes a brief surge in testosterone, which increases sex drive, right at the most fertile time of the cycle.

33
Q

Explain ovulatory phase

A

The release of the mature egg happens on about day 14 as a result of a surge in LH and FSH over the previous day. After release, the egg enters the fallopian tube where fertilization may take place, if sperm are present. If the egg is not fertilized, it disintegrates after about 24 hours. Once the egg is released, there is a left over of the follicle which is called the corpus luteum

Peak in FSH and LH

34
Q

Describe luteal phase

A

After the release of the egg, levels of FSH and LH decrease. The corpus luteum produces progesterone with the sti,ulation of LH. If fertilization has occurred, the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone which prevents the endometrial lining from being shed. If fertilization has not occurred, the corpus luteum disintegrates, which causes progesterone levels to drop and signals the endometrial lining to begin shedding

If pregnancy occurs the embryo produces
the pregnancy recognition hormone hcg (
human chorionic gonadotropin) this
maintains the CL and progesterone levels
which prevent a return to the estrous cycle
35
Q

Inhibin role in menstrual cycle

A

Inhibin is secreted by the maturing follicle

In the first half of the cycle moderate
Estrogen levels and inhibin instructs the
pituitary to inhibit FSH (through a
negative feedback mechanism

36
Q

Meiosis in developing the egg

A

Mitosis which is completed before birth oogonium is divided into anothe oogonium anf primary oocyte (2n) which later will enter meiosis

Primary oocyte undergoes prophase of meiosis I ( before the birth) that’s how they are arrested until puberty (2n)

At puberty , when the follicle is selected to mature it will continue the meiotic division

primary oocyte will form secondary oocyte (n) and first polar body (n)- it may divide , but will nit a mature egg

Primary oocyte will continue division until it becomes mature ovum ( if only fertilized)

37
Q

The difference between meiosis in men and females

A

males -4 sperm with n

1 primary egg

38
Q

Lifestage of gametogenesis in male and female

A

Male-begins at puberty

Female- begins with mitotic division before birth, resumes at puberty

39
Q

Frequency of occurrence of gametogenesis in male and female

A

Male-constant after puberty

Female-monthly from puberty until menopause

40
Q

What is the mechanism of combined birth control pills

A

Synthetic estrogen and progestin

Combined oral contraceptive pills were developed to prevent ovulation by suppressing the release of gonadotropins. … Estrogen negative feedback on the anterior pituitary greatly decreases the secretion of FSH, which inhibits follicular development and helps prevent ovulation

41
Q

Minipill action principle

A

It keeps progesterone at the same level

inconsistently inhibit ovulation in ~50% of cycles and rely mainly on their progestogenic effect of thickening the cervical mucus around the cervix, thereby reducing sperm viability and penetration

42
Q

•Why synthetic hormones? in birth control

A

Natural hormones are broken

down by the liver very rapidly

43
Q

What are implants and patch contraceptives

A

Implants ex Implanon, release P last up to 3 yrs

• Patch change 1X a week, release E and P

44
Q

What is PCOS

A 
Endocrine disorder, common cause of
infertility due to anovulation
• Incidence is 1/10
• PCOS-follicles develop but do not
ovulate- cystic follicles
• More than an ovary issue as associated
with metabolic disruption and high risk of
developing type 2 diabetes
45
Q

Symptoms of PCOS

A

Prevalence of hirsutism , acne , androgenic
alopecia , menstrual disorders ,
overweight , obesity , and infertility

Can go hand in hand with hypothyrodism

46
Q

Hormonal disruption in PCOS

A

highly irregular
cycles, elevated testosterone, abnormal
FSH, LH, and excess Conversion of T to
DHT

47
Q

How to diagnose PCOS and treat

A

blood tests, ultrasound
• Treatment: contraceptive pill, surgery,
Weight loss, exercise, diabetes
medication metformin

48
Q

___ (time) for sperm to reach the egg in the

ampulla

A

5-10 minutes

49
Q

How propulsion of sperm is achieved

A

Transport of the sperm is aided by mucosal
secretion, prostaglandins in the seminal fluid
from prostate stimulate contractions of the
uterus, a few hundred to thousand sperm
reach the ampulla

50
Q

What happens in conception

A

Sperm must penetrate corona radiate
(granulosa cells), then bind and penetrate the
zona pellucida
• One the sperm has entered, MII is completed
and second polar body is extruded

51
Q

What is an acrosome reaction

A 
Once the sperm binds to
the ZP it releases acrosomal
contents (acrosome
reaction)-proteases
• This permits its entry into
the perivitelline space then
egg
• Calcium rapidly rises by
stimulating Phospholipase
C, activates the egg
• Block to polyspermy
involves changes to ZP to
prevent other sperm from
entering egg
52
Q

How long can the gg last

A

24 hours after ovulation

53
Q

Do eggs age? Why are there greater risks with maternal

age?

A

More errors in division

Eggs are exposed to anything we put in

54
Q

Aneuploidy is

A

of 1500 first trimester miscarriages 61% have
abnormal chromosome. It is the most frequent cause of
miscarriage and the risks of aneuploidy increase as women
age.

55
Q

How many percent of embryos will miscarry after implantation

And in IVF?

A

31%

70%

56
Q

What happens after fertilization

A

After fertilization within 3-5 days the zygote travels to the uterus.
• Aided by the cilia which always beat towards the uterus
• Rapidly increasing P from CL binds receptors on the smooth muscle
cells of the fallopian tubes and causing a relaxing effect promoting
entry of the egg into the uterus.
• On entry into the uterus called a blastocyst

57
Q

8 vell zygote is called

A

morula

• Morula—solid mass of cells formed from zygote; takes approximately 3 days;
continues to divide

58
Q

prenatal period is

A

Begins with conception and continues until the birth of a child

59
Q

Parts in blastocyst

A

Trophoblast which will form the placenta

Inner cells - that will form the fetus

and blastocyst cavity

60
Q

What is a cleavage

A

Mitotic division of zygote

61
Q

What is a blastocyst

A

Blastocyst—by the time developing embryo reaches uterus
• Implants into uterine lining
• Approximately 5-7 days pass from fertilization until implantation in uterine
lining; can detect hcg (day 20-22)

62
Q

Integrin secreted when

A

Integrin expressed on epithelium in window of implantation-at
time of implantation-day 10 or in late secretory phase nonpregnant
day 21

Plays role in implantation

63
Q

Placenta is and important for

A

Acts as a barrier between the mother and the baby

Anchors fetus to uterus
and provides “bridge” for
exchange of nutrients and
waste products between
mother and baby
• Also serves as excretory,
respiratory, and endocrine organ
• Placental tissue separates
maternal and fetal blood supplies
• Has important endocrine
functions—secretes large
amounts of human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG), which
stimulates the corpus luteum to
continue its secretion of
estrogen and progesterone
64
Q

Organization of the mature placenta

A 
In humans, fetal chorionic epithelium is
bathed in maternal blood because
chorionic villi have eroded through
maternal endothelium
• Classification-Hemochorial
65
Q

Gestation period: length, how it is divided

A 
period—approximately 39 weeks; divided
into three 3-month segments called
trimesters
• Embryonic phase extends from fertilization
until the end of week 8 of gestation
• Fetal phase—weeks 8 to 39
66
Q

What is the role of relaxin

A

To relax joints, to make them more flexible

67
Q

What is thought to be one of the major onset of labor

A

Fetal cortisol

68
Q

How hormones change before child’s birth

A

Progesterone blocks uterine contractility this drops
before labor
Fetus pituitary secretes oxytocin, fetal adrenal glands
secrete cortisol, membranes release PGF-all can act to
increase intensity of uterine contractions
Irritation of or stretch of cervix-increase oxytocin

69
Q

Stages of labor

A 
Stage one —period from onset of
uterine contractions until cervical
dilation is complete
Stage two —period from
maximal cervical dilation until
the baby exits through the
vagina
Stage three —process of
expulsion of the placenta
through the vagina
70
Q

Birth is controlled by __ feedback

A

Positive
More uterine contractions-> more cervical stretch->more oxytocin from posterior pituitary ->prostaglandins from uterine wall-> more uterine contractions

71
Q

Environmental exposures and reproductive health

A

Deodorants, bodycream, perfumes

accumulation of lipophylic chemicals (DDT/DDE-pestisides)
Inhalation exposure (plasticisers,heavy metal)
some in the breast milk (lipophylic)
oral exposure (plastics, food contamination)

72
Q

What is the trend on sex of the babies born

A

Twice as many girls as boys are being born in remote communities North of the Arctic
Circle (2:1)
• Across much of the Northern hemisphere in US and Japan the gender ratio has skewed
towards girls

Mam Physiology (16 decks)

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