Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mam Physiology > Lab -Tissues > Flashcards

Lab -Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Four primary tissue types and their roles

A

the EPITHELIAL tissue:
covers the body surfaces; lines hollow organs, ventral body cavities and ducts and forms glands.

the CONNECTIVE tissue:
protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy and provides immunity.

the MUSCLE tissue:
is responsible for movement and the generation of force.

the NERVOUS tissue:
carries information very quickly from one side of the body to the other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 basic types of epethilium

A

covering and lining epithelia

glandular epithelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where you can find Covering-lining epethilial cells :5 places

A

form a continuous layer over all the free surfaces of the body:

o the outer layer of the skin;
o the inner surface of the digestive and respiratory cavities;
o the inner surface of the heart and blood vessels;
o the walls and the organs of the closed ventral body cavities;
o the ducts of the exocrine glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the histological characteristic common to all epethilial tissues

A
  1. They are made of many cells close to each other (there is little extracellular material between epithelial cells).
  2. Several types of junctional specializations unite adjacent epithelial cells (tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions).
  3. With the exception of endocrine glands, o All epithelia have one free surface, called the apical surface, which is exposed at the body surface or at the lumen (space) of the body cavity, duct, tube or vessel.
    o The lower surface of an epithelium (or basal surface) rests on a basement membrane: a non-living adhesive material secreted by the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue.
    o There are no blood vessels within the epithelial layer.
    o These cells are often characterized by frequent cell division because they are exposed to wear and tear and injury, necessitating replacement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Covering epethilium functions

A
  1. Epithelia protect underlying tissues against physical damage, drying out, chemical injury and infection.
  2. Epithelia allow and regulate the passage of materials (diffusion, absorption, filtration, secretion, excretion) into and out of the deeper tissues of the body which they cover or line. Oxygen, water, food, and waste must pass through one or more epithelial layers.
  3. Specialized epithelia form sensory parts of organs such as the eye, ear, mouth (taste buds), and nose (olfactory epithelium).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

WHat is the material secreted by mot glands and some examples of products

A

The material secreted is usually a watery fluid containing substances such as salts, enzymes, hormones, mucus, fats, etc. The functions of glandular secretions are exceedingly diverse. Milk, insulin, sweat, saliva, calcitonin, tears and bile are all products of glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The classification of covering and lining epithelium is based on two or three features ___

A
  1. The number of cell layers
  2. The shape of cells
  3. Specialization of their cell surfaces (cilia, microvilli,etc.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Two subsclasess in number of cell layers

A

one layer: simple epithelium

o several layers: stratified epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Classification of epethilium according to its shape

A

flat: squamous epithelium,
o square: cuboidal epithelium,
o rectangular: columnar epithelium,
o if the shape changes depending of the degree of stretching of the tissue: transitional epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Most often, it is very hard to distinguish the cell’s boundary on a light photomicrograph.. Nuclei are flat and parallel to the free surface: type of epithelium?

A

Squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nuclei are oval and parallel to the axis of the cell and situated at its base: type of epithelium

A

Columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the nuclei are round and situated in the middle of the cell: type of epithelium

A

cuboidal epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe simple epithelium: how many cell layers, where found, function

A

Being composed of one layer of cells only, they are very thin. They are found in areas of minimum wear and tear. Their main function is to allow passage of substances between the lumen and the surrounding tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe stratified epithelium: how many cell layers, function

A

Being composed of several layers of cells, they are very thick. Their main function is to protect the tissues that they cover. The shape of the cells closest to the basement membrane is quite different from that of the cells at the top, near the lumen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how can you further classify the stratified epithelia? if they have different type of cells in the base and int he lumen

A

stratified epithelia are further classified according to the shape of the cells at the free surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Simple squamous epithelium has how many layers, what nucleus

A

One layer of flat cells (one flat nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where simple squamous epithelium is found

A

in the alveoli of the lungs, in the kidney glomeruli, in the lining of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels and in the lining of the ventral body cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Structure of simple squamous epithelium allows it (function)

A

Because this epithelium is the thinnest of all, it is well adapted for diffusion (for example gas exchange between alveoli and blood in the lung or exchange of waste and nutrients between blood and surrounding tissues), filtration (of plasma in the kidney glomeruli to produce urine), and secretion (of a lubricating substance in the lining of the body cavities).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium is composed of

A

one layer of cuboidal cells (having one round nucleus).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where simple cuboidal epithelium is found

A

small glands, kidney tubules and ovary surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

adapted for secretion and absorption of substances (for example to give urine its final composition, it moves substances in and out of the kidney tubule).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Structure of simple squamous epithelium

A

composed of one layer of columnar cells (having one oval nucleus). They can be ciliated or non-ciliated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What structure does non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium has and what is its function

A

The non-ciliated, simple columnar epithelium contains microvilli on the apical surface of its cells. Microvilli increase the surface area of the epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium is found

A

lining the digestive tract and is involved in absorption of digested food products and in secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances. It is also found lining the ducts of some glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where ciliated simple columnar epithelium is found and function

A

in the small bronchi, the uterine tubes and part of the uterus. It is involved in the secretion of mucus and other substances and in moving mucus or female reproductive cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many cells is there in simple pseudostratified epithelium

A

This epithelium has only one layer of cells: all its cells rest on the basement membrane, but it appears stratified because the cells are of different heights and their nuclei are at different levels. They

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where is non-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium is found

A

lining part of the male urethra and ducts of large glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium found in

A

It is found in the trachea, primary bronchi and in most of the upper respiratory tract and is involved in secretion and propulsion of mucus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Composition of stratified squamous epithelium

A

has several layers of epithelial cells, but the surface layer of this epithelium is composed of flat cells. It is the thickest of all the epithelia and its function is protection.
The cells of the surface layer may or may not contain keratin, a tough protective protein which prevents water loss, is resistant to friction and repels bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Keratinized epithelium is found in

A

forms the epidermis of the skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium lines ___

A

wet surfaces subjected to abrasion, such as the lining of the mouth, esophagus, tongue, part of the epiglottis and vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium is found and its role

A

It is found in the largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands and in parts of the male urethra.

Role is protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Role of stratified columnar epithelium and where it is found

A

Very rare: it lines part of the urethra, large ducts of some glands, portion of the conjunctiva of the eye.
 Its roles are protection and secretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Stratified transitional epithelium is found and function

A

It is found lining surfaces of organs subjected to stretch, such as the bladder, the ureters and part of the urethra.
 It allows for distension of the urinary organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How transitional epithelium will look like in stretched and unstretched states

A

It will look like a stratified squamous epithelium if it is stretched or a stratified cuboidal epithelium if it is unstretched.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Endocrine glands secrete what and where

A

their products, called hormones, are secreted directly into the blood and circulate throughout the body to their target areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Most endocrine glands are ____ derivatives

A

Epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How endocrine glands are formed

A

invagination from an epithelial sheet and initially have ducts connecting them to the free surface of the epithelial sheet. During embryonic development, they will lose their ducts and thus are called ductless glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How will you see endocrine glands

A

they look like any stratified epithelial tissues with one big difference: THEY DO NOT HAVE A FREE SURFACE…. and are surrounded directly by other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Exocrine glands excrete their products where

A

release their products onto the free surface of the skin or of the open cavities of the body such as the digestive, respiratory or reproductive tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the most abundant of primary tissues

A

Connective tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the distinguishing characteristic of connective tissue

A

Far apart and a lot ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where do you find connective tissue?

A

everywhere in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

4 functions of connective tissue

A
  1. Binding,support and packaging
  2. Protection,defense,repair
  3. Insulation
  4. Transportation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What connective tissue surround and bind organs and tissues

A

Connective tissue fibers form capsules and membranes which surround organs, and form
ligaments and tendons which bind bones to each other or to muscles. They also form the 3-
dimensional fibrous mesh which supports cells inside large soft organs such as the liver and spleen.
Bone and cartilage support body organs. The delicate and fragile areolar connective tissue forms a soft
packing around organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is scar tissue

A

Type of connective tissue which fills the space where the original tissue does not regenerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What the skull

A

a bony chamber which protects the soft brain tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is an inflammation

A

a defensive response of connective

tissue at the site of infection or injury.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What types of connective tissue is used as insulation

A

Fat cells or adipose tissue is a connective tissue which not only cushions body organs but also
insulates them and provides reserve energy fue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

ECM between cells in connective tissue usually includes ___

A

fibers of one or more types

embedded in an amorphous ground substance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

4 classes of connective tissue

A

BLOOD, BONE, CARTILAGE, and CONNECTIVE TISSUE

PROPER.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

3 criteria on the bases of which these tissues are identified

A
  1. The cells found in connective tissues
  2. Fibers
  3. The ground substance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

2 subcategories in the cells found in connective tissues

A

the cells of the connective tissue per se which secrete the matrix or maintain it.

the accessory cells which are supported by the connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the function of undifferentiated cells that end with -blast

A

This cell retains its capacity for division and secretes the matrix that is characteristic of the
tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

When cells turn form -blast to -cyst

A

once the matrix is produced, the undifferentiated cells lose their
capacity for cell division and become mature cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Function of -cyste

A

mature cells are

less active and in general are responsible for maintaining the matrix in a healthy state.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Name some examples of -blast cells

A

Fibroblasts are
the primary blast cells of the connective tissue proper; hemocytoblasts are the primary blast cells of
the blood; chondroblasts and osteoblasts are the primary blast cells of cartilage and bone,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Where you can find accessory cells in connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Name some accessory cells in the connective tissue

A
  • Fat storing cells

- white blood cells; mast cells; macrophages; antibody-producing plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

ECM is composed of

A

interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins

and proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the role of fibers in matrix

A

Provide strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Three types of fibers that are found connective tissue

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular (special type of collagen fibers ex; spleen and lymph nodes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Collagen fibers: characterstics and function, other name

A

Extremely tough
They provide high tensile strength, which is the ability to resist longitudinal stress.
-White fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Elastic fibers: other name, where found, properties

A

can be stretched to one and one-half times their length, but recoil
to their initial length when released. They are found where greater elasticity is needed such as
the lungs and the blood vessel walls
-Yellow fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Role of reticular fibers

A

form a delicate branching network

supporting soft organs such as the liver and spleen.

66
Q

ECM or

A

Ground substance

67
Q

Role of cells adhesion proteins

A

allow the connective tissue cells to attach themselves to

matrix elements.

68
Q

Role of proteoglycans

A

proteins to which polysaccharides are attached
These
polysaccharides can trap more or less water depending on their nature and form a substance that
varies from a fluid to a semi-stiff hydrated gel.

69
Q

The more polysaccharides, ______ ground substance

A

The stiffer the ground substance is

70
Q

Proper connective tissue subdivides into 2 groups

A 
Loose
Dense (tendons)
71
Q

Loose connective tissue subdivides into

A
  • Areolar
  • Adipose
  • Reticular
72
Q

Dense connective tissue divides into

A

Regular
Elastic
Irregular

73
Q

Cartilage subdivides into 4 categories

A

-Hyaline (trachea rings, joint surface of bone, larynx
)
-elastic(ear,epiglottis)
-Fibrocartilage (symphysis pubis joint; annulus fibrosus; menisci)

74
Q

Two types of bones

A

Compact

Spongy

75
Q

What are the histological characteristics common to ALL MUSCLE TISSUES?

A
  1. They are made of many cells close together (there is little extracellular material between muscle cells).
  2. They are well vascularized (lots of blood vessels).
  3. The cells are elongated.
  4. The cells contain myofilaments (contractile proteins)
76
Q

How can you distinguish skeletal muscles

A
  • very long rod-like cells(up to 30cm)
  • striations perpendicular to the axis of the cell
  • several nuclei present on the periphery of the cell
77
Q

Striations in skeletal muscles reflect

A

the regular pattern of distribution of the myofilaments (contractile proteins) inside the cells

78
Q

How skeletal muscles are bound together, where they attach to

A

Skeletal muscle cells are arranged in parallel, in bundles

tied together by connective tissue and anchored at both ends by tendons to bones or directly to kin (in the face)

79
Q

What is the outcome of muscle constant contraction

A

-Maintaining a constant body temperature

80
Q

How cardiac muscles can be described if seen under the microscope

A
  • long cylindrical cells whose ends are split longitudinally
    into a small number of branches
  • stiations perpendicular to the axis of the cell
  • one or two nuclei present in the center of the cell
  • intercalated discs
81
Q

Intercalated discs have ___ jucntions

A

anchoring

desmosomes and gap junctions

82
Q

How can see smooth muscles under the microscope

A
  • spindle-shaped cells
  • NO STRIATIONS
  • one nucleus located in the center of the cell
83
Q

Smooth muscles are found in

A

the walls of hollow organs (digestive and urinary tract organs, blood
vessels, uterus, etc…)

84
Q

3 functions of nervous system

A
  1. it constantly monitors changes occurring both inside and outside of the body;
  2. it processes and interprets information and makes decisions about what should be done at each moment
  3. it carries the order of what should be done to muscles and glands.
85
Q

What are the histological characteristics of the NERVOUS TISSUE?

A
  1. It is made of many cells packed closely together (there is little extracellular material between cells);
  2. Most of the cells are strongly branching
86
Q

2 main cell groups in nervous tissue

A

Neurons

Glial cells

87
Q

Role of neurons

A

they respond to stimuli - they conduct electrical impulses to and from all body organs and
from one area of the Central nervous System to another -

88
Q

Structure of neurons

A

made of a cell body (containing the nuclei
and most of the organelles) and of cytoplasmic ramifications: the dendrites that receive stimuli and the axon
that generates nerve impulses and transmit them from one part of the body to another.

89
Q

Function of glial cells

A

support, protect and bind neurons

90
Q

Where do you find nervous tissue

A
  1. the brain
  2. the spinal cord
  3. the nerves and their associated ganglia.
  4. Sensory organs
91
Q

What 2 cavities epithelial tissue cover

A

Thoracic

Abdominal

92
Q

Functions of epithelial

A 
Protection
Sensory function
Secretion- glandular epithelium
Absorption
Excretion
93
Q

Epithelial layer attaches to an underlying layer of connective tissue by the basement membrane and is ___

A

Avascular

94
Q

Mast cell function

A

Anti-inflammatory response

95
Q

Macrophage role

A

Removal of cell debris

96
Q

Glycosaminoglycans role

A

a major component of joint cartilage, joint fluid, and other soft connective tissue.

97
Q

Describe stomach epithelial

A

Very thick mucosa, at the base if mucosa -glands

98
Q

What is fascia

A

a band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs

99
Q

name layers in stomach

A

Mucosa,submucosa, muscularis(mucsles)serosa

100
Q

What is serosa

A

The inner layer that covers organs (viscera) in body cavities is called the visceral membrane. A second layer of epithelial cells of the serous membrane, called the parietal layer, lines the body wall.

101
Q

Two kind of muscles in stomach

A

Circular

Longitudinal

102
Q

Difference between serosa and adventitia

A

A serosa is a smooth membrane, composed of a simple squamous epithelium and a sparse layer of loose connective tissue, covering the external surface of an organ such as the stomach and small intestine.

An adventitia is a layer of loose connective tissue (fibrous and/or adipose) covering the external surface of an organ, serving to hold the organ in place and bind it to adjacent tissues and organs

103
Q

WHat peptic cell secrete and when its enzyme is activated

A

Peptic cells are cells in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and chymosin. Pepsinogen is activated into the digestive enzyme pepsin when it comes in contact with acid produced by gastric parietal cells.

104
Q

What cells secrete HCl

A

Parietal cells

105
Q

How you determine if the tissue is simple or stratified

A

When 2 or more layers are present, of which the superficial most cells do not reach the basement membrane, the epithelium is classified as stratified

106
Q

2 parts of kidney

A

Cortex and medulla

107
Q

When do you find Brownman’s capsule

A

) is a cup-like sack at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine. A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac

108
Q

Describe the structure of one nephron

A

Renal capsule is connected to proximal convoluted tubule and then distal convoluted tubule

109
Q

What is crypt of Lieberkuhn

A

Glands which secrete various enzymes

110
Q

8 endocrine glands

A 
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovary
Tests
111
Q

Types of grandular epithelium

A
  • Apocrine
  • Holocrine
  • merocrine (eccrine)
112
Q

How the product is released from apocrine gland

A

product pinches off and is released from Apex.

113
Q

Examples of apocrine glands

A
  1. mammary
  2. hair follicle sweat
  3. goblet
114
Q

Where hair follicle sweat glands are found

A

) located at the junction of the dermis and subcutaneous fat, from which a straight portion inserts and secretes into the hair follicle; produce an odorless, oily, opaque secretion that gains its characteristic odor upon bacterial decomposition

115
Q

How the product if holocrine gland is released

A

Product collect in the cell, then when product is released the plasma membrane ruptures.

116
Q

Example of holocrine gland

A

Sebaceous gland

117
Q

How the product is released from merocrine glands and examples

A

secrete product through plasma membrane. Most common type.
Ex: salivary glands, gastric glands, sweat glands in body acting in cooling system (distinctly different than the apocrine sweat gland, it produces a clear, odorless substance, consisting primarily of water and NaCl.)

118
Q

Sebaceous gland produce ___ to ____

A

Serum to lubricate skin and hair

119
Q

By what type sweat glands are lined

A

The secretory parts are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. The ducts are lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium

120
Q

In spongy bone there is

A

Mineralized ECM

121
Q

Loose connective tissue is found around

A

Blood vessels

122
Q

Cartilage differs from other tissue in

A

that only one cell type is present this is the chondrocyte

123
Q

What are lacunae house cells

A

lacuna hole or pit - is a small space containing a chondrocyte in cartilage or an osteocyte in bone.

124
Q

Unlike other connective tissue, cartilage does not have ___

A

Blood vessels

125
Q

Why cartilage heal slowly

A

The chondrocytes are supplied by diffusion, helped by the pumping action generated by compression of the articular cartilage or flexion of the elastic cartilage. Thus, compared to other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly.

126
Q

explain stages of evolution of chondroblasts

A

The extracellular matrix of cartilage is secreted by chondroblasts, (chondro = cartilage), which are found in the outer covering layer of cartilage. As the chondroblasts secrete matrix and fibers, they become trapped inside it, and mature into cells called chondrocytes.

127
Q

How can you see hyalurinic acid

A

Bluish matrix with tint-> gives the shiny appearance

128
Q

What is perichondrium

A

a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone

129
Q

role of dense fibers that fill the matrix of fibrocartilge

A

Shock-absorbing

130
Q

Ens of the bone is called

A

Epiphysis

131
Q

On the tip of epiphysis there is

A

Articular cartilage

132
Q

There is a line inside spongy bone, what is it

A

Ephiphyseal line

133
Q

The middle part of the bone is called

A

Diaphysis

134
Q

What cells are embedded in calcified matrix of bone

A

Osteocytes

135
Q

Growth of bones closes around (epiphysis line closes)

A

20 years

136
Q

What is Haversian Canal

A

Blood vessels,nervesm connective tissue

137
Q

What is Canaliculi

A

Small canal allowing for nutrients to travel between lacunae

138
Q

What are lamallae

A

Concentric rings-form the bone matrix

139
Q

Where osteocytes are located

A

Lacunae- spaces in the bone

140
Q

How many percent in blood is plasma and formed elements

A

Plasma-55%

Formed elements-45%

141
Q

Functions of blood

A 
Transportation
Regulation of body temperature
Regulation of body pH
White blood cells destroy bacteria
Circulating blood tissue is formed in the red bone marrow by a process called hematopoiesis
142
Q

Skeletal muscles are ___, when smooth muscles are ___

A

Multinucleated

One nucleas

143
Q

What is pararosaniline-toluidine

A

is a dye with high affinity for acidic tissue components. It stains nucleic acids blue and polysaccharides purple and also increases the sharpness of histology slide images

144
Q

In what cut you need to be in order to see tissues normally

A

Longitudinal

145
Q

Nervous tissue is ___ in origin

A

Ectodermal

146
Q

Specialized characteristics of nervous tissue

A
  • Excitability

- Conductivity

147
Q

Function of myelin

A

a substance rich in lipids (fatty substances) and proteinsthat forms layers around the nerve fibers and acts as insulation

148
Q

Structure of neuron

A

Cell body: also called the soma, is the spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus.
Axon —transmits nerve impulse away from the cell body
Dendrites (one or more)—transmit nerve impulse toward the cell body and axon

149
Q

Where is pia meter and arachnoid meter in the spinal cord

A

Pia meter- sharp ends of butterfly wings

Arachnoid meter- round ends

150
Q

In white matter there is only ___

A

Glial cells

151
Q

What is the most abundant cell type in sub-mucosa of stomach

A

fibroblast

152
Q

What is mucous?

A

An important lubricant that protects the epithelium and also serves to bind the dehydrated ingesta to form feces, produced by goblet cells

153
Q

Tubules in the kidney are lined with

A

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells

154
Q

The capsule of the kidney is (epithelium)

A

Simple squamous

155
Q

Fat is ___ (blood vessels)

A

Vascularized

156
Q

Name different types of leucocytes and draw them

A 
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil
157
Q

Four main functions of glial cells

A

-Surround neurons and hold them in place
Supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons
Insulate( by producing myelin) one neuron frfom another
To destroy and remove dead neurons

158
Q

Glial cells are ___ present than neurons

A

More

159
Q

Hyaline cartilage is ___ of all types of cartilages, when fibrocartilage is ____, because

A

The weakest, the strongest
because it has alternating layers of hyaline cartilage matrix and thick layers of dense collagen fibres oriented in the direction of functional stresses.

160
Q

Fibrocartilage does not have ___

A

Perichondrium

161
Q

Where chondrocytes are found in elastic fibres

A

in a threadlike network of elastic fibres within the matrix.

162
Q

Elastic cartilage has ___

A

Perichondrium

Mam Physiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions