Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mam Physiology > Slide set 3 > Flashcards

Slide set 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Two basic types of physiological signals

A 
Electrical signals (changes in membrane potential)
Chemical signals (molecules in extracellular fluid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 basic methods of cell-to-cell communication

A

Gap junctions
Contract-dependent signals
Chemical that diffuse through the extracellular fluid to act on cells close by
Long-distance communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain gap junctions

A

Allow direct cytoplasmic transfer of electrical and chemical signals between adjacent cells
When open, ions, amino acids, ATP, cAMP diffuse directly
from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of the next
- Larger molecules cannot pass through
- The only means by which electrical signals can pass directly
from cell to cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain contact-dependent signals

A

When surface molecules on one cell membrane bind to surface molecules on another
Occurs in immune system and during growth
and development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Long-distance cell communication uses

A

A combination of chemical signals transported by the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Connexins are used ___

A

They form a union for gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of signaling includes cell-adhesion molecules

A

Contact-dependent signals

Also integrins are involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Methods of chemical communication

A

Autocrine signals act on the same cell that secreted
them. Paracrine signals are secreted by one cell and
diffuse to adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Characterize long distance communication

A

Hormones are secreted by endocrine
glands or cells into the blood. Only target
cells with receptors for the hormone will
respond to the signal.

Neurotransmitters are chemicals secreted
by neurons that diffuse across a small gap
to the target cell. Neurons use electrical
signals as well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neurotransmitters have ___ effect

A

rapid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are neurohormones

A

Chemicals released by neurons onto the blood for action at distant targets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cytokines may act as both

A

Local and long-distance signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where cytokines are synthesized, what are their roles, and how they are made

A
  • Are synthesized and secreted by all nucleated
    cells (not produced by specialized cells)
  • Control cell development, differentiation, and
    immune responses
  • Act on a broader spectrum of target cells than
    hormones
  • Made on demand (not stored)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Features shared by all signal pathways

A
  1. The signal molecule (ligand/first messenger)brings information to the
    target cell
  2. Ligand-receptor binding activates the receptor
  3. The receptor activates one or more intracellular signal molecules
  4. The last signal molecule initiates synthesis of target proteins or modifies
    existing target proteins to create a response
    Slide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The location of ligand/receptor binding is largely dependent

on whether a signal molecule is __________or ___________

A

Hydrophobic

Hydrophylic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

________ signal molecules can diffuse through the
phospholipid bilayer binding to ___________ or __________
receptors

A

Hydrophobic
Nuclear
Cytoplasmic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Signaling through hydrophobic molecules is relatively ___

A

Slow process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lipophobic molecules ___ diffuse through the plasma membrane, they bind to ___, this process is very ___

A

Cannot
Extracellular receptors
Rapid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lipophylic signal can bound to

A

Receptor in cytoplasmic membrane
Receptor in cytosol
Receptor in nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the scheme of signal transduction

A

Signal molecule->receptor->intracellular signal->target proteins->response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the role of second messenger

A 
1. Alter the gating of ion
channels
2. Increase intracellular calcium
(which bind to proteins to
change their function)
3. Change enzyme activity,
especially of protein kinases
and protein phosphatases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Steps of signal transduction pathway form a ___

A

Cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

WHat is the role of tyrosine kinase

A

Transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine of a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Tyrosine kinase is an example of

A

Receptor-enzyme (insulin receptor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

WHat was the new discovery about insulin

A

That when it binds to the receptor, it causes it to translocates to the nucleus and regulates genes linked to insulin functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Most signal transduction uses ___ proteins

A

G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the structure of G proteins

A

a large and
complex family of membrane-spanning proteins
that cross the phospholipid bilayer 7 times
• Cytoplasmic tail linked to G protein, a three-part
transducer molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

GPCR bind ___

A

Nucleotide guanosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do G proteins do when activated

A

Open ion channels in the membrane
– Alter enzyme activity on the cytoplasmic side of the
membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Explain G-protein-coupled adenylyl-cAMP system

A

-Signal molecule binds to G protein-linked receptor, which activates the G protein
G protein turns on adenylyl cyclase, an amplifier enzyme
Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
cAMP activates protein kinase A->phosphorylation of other proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Through GPCR we get

A

Amplification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Apart from cAMP GPCR there is

A

Phospholipase C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Four categories of membrane receptors

A

Receptor-channel
GPCR
Receptor-enzyme
Integrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the principle of action in receptor-channel pathway

A

Change in membrane permeability to Na,K, Cl

It creates an electrical signal, which acts on Voltage-sensitive protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Signal transduction through receptor-channels initiates ____

A

The most rapid response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How Ca concentration in cytosol can increase

A

It can enter from the extracellular fluid

It can be released from inner cell stores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is Ca action inside the cell

A

It binds to calmodulin and then alters protein activity

Or other Ca binding proteins initiating exocytosis and movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Agonist vs Antagonist

A

Agonist- also activated the receptor, because it has a similar shape

Antagonist-blocks receptor activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the function of neuroendocrine system

A

Communicatiom,integration and control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Some neurons release ___, instead of ____

A

Neurohormones

Neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Difference between nervous and endocrine system

A

Effects of neurotransmitters are rapid and short lived
• Effects of hormones are slow and longer lasting
• Hormones diffuse in the blood and can therefore access
most tissues and cells
• Neurons can stimulate only muscles and glands across a
synapse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Hormones act on their target cells in 3 basic ways

A

(1) by controlling the rates of enzymatic reactions,
(2) by controlling the transport of ions or molecules
across cell membranes, or
(3) by controlling gene expression and
the synthesis of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is pheromones

A

specialized ectohormones
that act on other organisms of the same species to elicit
a physiological or behavioral response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Difference between neural communication specificity and endocrine system

A

Specificity of neural communication depends on anatomical
relationship between nerve cell and target cells.
• Unlike the endocrine system specificity is not totally reliant on
the message and cell having the correct receptor
• Which muscle moves depends on which neuron releases of
Ach as all motor neurons have Ach receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Endocrine glands secrete ___. exocrine glands secrete ___

A

Exocrine-products

Endocrine-hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What glands are made out of neurosecretory tissue

A

Adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is a master gland

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Function of hypothalamus

A

Controls release of

anterior pituitary hormones through releasing and inhibiting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

6 hormones secreted by an anterior pituitary gland

A
  1. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  2. ACTH-adrenocorticotropic hormone
  3. GH-Growth hormone
  4. FSH-Follicle-stimulating hormone and LH-luteinizing hormone
  5. PRL-Prolactin
  6. MSH-melanocyte stimulating hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Role of TSH

A

stimulates thyroid cells to produce thyroxine (T4)
and triiodothyronine (T3), brain development, metabolism, reproduction
promotes and maintains
growth and development of thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Role of ACTH

A

stimulates cortisol secretion from adrenal
cortex
promotes and maintains normal growth
and development of cortex of adrenal gland; also stimulates
adrenal cortex to secrete some of its hormones cortisol and
aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Role of GH

A

Growth and metabolic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Role of FSH and LH

A

act on gonads,
growth of follicles, ovulation, Leydig cell stimulation of testosterone, FSH in male, androgen
binding protein expression by Sertoli cells

in females acts on
ovary where it stimulates primary graffian follicles to grow
toward maturity; also secretion of estrogens
- in males, FSH stimulates development of seminiferous
tubules of testes and maintains spermatogenesis. Acts on
Sertoli cells

Luteinizing hormone (LH) —in females: stimulates
formation and activity of corpus luteum of ovary; corpus
luteum secretes progesterone and estrogens when
stimulated by LH; LH also supports FSH in stimulating
maturation of follicles; in males: LH stimulates interstitial
cells (leydig cells) in testes to develop and secrete
testosterone;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Prolactin action

A

milk synthesis from mammary glands
During pregnancy, PRL promotes development
of the breasts, anticipating milk secretion; after
the baby is born, PRL stimulates the mother’s
mammary glands to produce milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

2 hormones of Posterior pituitary

A
  1. Vasopressin

2. Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Action of vasopressin

A

Antidiuretic hormone-acts on kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Oxytocin action

A

Milk let down

Uterine contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Function of pineal gland and its hormone

A

produces Melatonin –controls biological (circadian) rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Thyroid gland: hormones and action

A

produces T3 and T4, calcitonin to decrease plasma controls

how quickly the body burns energy, makes proteins-metabolism regulator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Adrenal cortex produces

A

mineralocorticoids ex. aldosterone, corticosteroids,cortisol,androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Action of cortisol

A

increases BP and blood sugar and reduces immune responses,

anti-inflammatory)

62
Q

Action of aldosterone

A

acts on kidney to

cause conservation of sodium, overall retention of water

63
Q

Examples of androgens and action

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

64
Q

Adrenal medulla produces

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine (stress adaptation)

65
Q

Pancreas produces

A

Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

66
Q

Hormones of testes and ovaries

A

Testes-testosteron

Ovaries- estrogen and progesterone

67
Q

What is the result of hypo and hyperthyroidism

A

Hypo-goiter

Hyper-grave;s disease or basedov’s

68
Q

How many babies are born with mental impairment and why

A

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy is causing almost 18 million babies a year to be
born with mental impairment

69
Q

What happens in children with iodine deficiency

A

physical growth and development
problems, and brain development can also be severely impaired, in the condition
referred to as cretinism (stunted physical and mental growth

70
Q

What is the happening in Grave’s disease

A

In Graves’ disease, your immune system creates antibodies that cause the thyroid to grow and make more thyroid hormone than your body needs. These antibodies are called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs). The TSIs bind to thyroid cell receptors, which are normally “docking stations” for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH—the hormone responsible for telling the thyroid to produce hormones). The TSIs then trick the thyroid into growing and producing too much thyroid hormone, leading to hyperthyroidism.

71
Q

How grave’s disease is treated

A

With radioactove iodine to destroy thyroid cells

72
Q

2 major classes of hormones and their examples

A

Hydrophilic hormones: are water soluble. Most are peptide or
protein hormones. Ex=insulin from the pancreas or
catecholamines (adrenal hormones) eg. epinephrine
• Lipophilic hormones: Have a high lipid solubility and are
poorly soluble in water.
include thyroid hormone and steroids

73
Q

3 classes of hormones based on their derivative

A

peptide
steroid
amine(tyrosine)

74
Q

Peptide and amine hormones are made and stored ___

A

Made in advance, stored in secretory vesicles

75
Q

What hormones have long half-life

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones

76
Q

All steroids are derived from

A

Cholesterol

77
Q

Thyroid hormone is ___ derivative

A

Iodinated tyrosine

78
Q

What are tropic hormones and example

A

target other endocrine glands and
stimulate their growth and secretion of other hormones
ex. ACTH targets the adrenal cortex

79
Q

Sex hormones target

A

Reproductive tisues

80
Q

Anabolic hormones ___(function) and example

A

stimulate anabolism (to build) in
target cells ex testosterone stimulates protein synthesis
and build up of cellular tissue, especially in muscle

81
Q

The solubility properties of a hormone determine

A 
1. The way the hormone is transported in the
blood
2. The mechanism by which the hormone
exerts its effect-signaling
3. The means by which the hormone is
processed by the endocrine cell
82
Q

Hydrophilic hormones are transported ___ and lipophylic hormones are transported ___

A

Hydrophilic hormones are dissolved in the plasma.
• Most lipophilic hormones are bound reversibly to plasma
proteins. These hormones are released by these proteins when
they actively signal target cells

83
Q

What is the usual action of hormones

A

Hormones generally produce their effect by altering intracellular
proteins

84
Q

Binding to receptors hydrophilic vs lipophilic

A

Hydrophilic hormones bind to receptors on the surface of
target cells.
• Lipophilic hormones pass through target cell membranes and
bind to receptors inside the target cell.

85
Q

Precursors of hydrophilic hormones are

A

Prehormones

86
Q

Where prehormones made

A

They are made on ribosomes of the ER. In the Golgi complex they
are converted to prohormones by chopping off peptide fragements by enzymes and, finally, active hormones. The
Golgi complex concentrates these hormone into secretory vesicles, and released by exocytosis

87
Q

Cholesterol derived hormone are not ___

A

Only the precursor (cholesterol) is stored. The
lipid-soluble hormone is not stored (metabolized by liver) or
excreted in urine

88
Q

All steroid hormones have what in the structure

A

4 fused rings

89
Q

Where lipophylic hormones binds

A

bind receptor which usually
has zinc finger DNA binding domain, bind at HRE
(hormone response elements) to initiate gene
transcription.

90
Q

Steroid hormones

A

cortisol (adrenals), aldosterone (adrenals),
estrogen (ovary and testis), progesterone (ovary-
CL), and testosterone (testis-Leydig cells)

91
Q

Non-steroid hormones are synthesized from

A

AAs

92
Q

Insulin is the example of what structure of protein

A

long, folded chains of

amino acids;

93
Q

Example of glycoprotein hormones

A

hCG (human chorionic hormone-pregnancy recognition)

94
Q

Peptide hormones- structure and examples

A

smaller than protein hormones;
short chain of amino acids; e.g., oxytocin and antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)

95
Q

How amine hormones are synthesized and they are produced by

A

synthesized by modifying a single molecule

of tyrosine; produced by neurosecretory cells and by neurons;

96
Q

Example of amine hormones

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenal medulla)

97
Q

General principles of hormone action

A

Hormones signal a cell by
binding to the target cell’s
specific receptors in a
“lock-and-key” mechanism

98
Q

What are three hormone actions that work together

A

Synergism
Permissiveness
Antagonism

99
Q

What is synergism and example

A

combinations of hormones acting together have a
greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that
each would have if acting alone (ex FSH and estrogen act on
granulosa cells)

100
Q

What is permissiveness

A

when a small amount of one hormone permits,

or enables,a second one to have its full effects on a target cell

101
Q

Nam example of antagonism

A

parathyroid hormone {increase blood Ca2+}

and calcitonin {thyroid decrease blood Ca2+).

102
Q

Why it is important to terminate hormone action and how it is done

A

insulin secretion when blood glucose is high
following a meal
- As long as insulin is present, glucose taken up by cells
- Extended actions of insulin would deprive the brain
of glucose
- Regulated by terminating hormone activities
- Hormones have a half-life and are degraded into
inactive metabolites in the liver which are then
excreted

103
Q

What is mobile-receptor model

A

hormone passes into nucleus, where it binds to
mobile receptor and activates a certain gene sequence to begin transcription
of mRNA; newly formed mRNA molecules move into the cytosol, associate
with ribosomes, and begin synthesizing protein molecules that produce the
effects of the hormone

104
Q

The amount of steroid hormone determine

A

magnitude of a target

cell’s response

105
Q

Why steroid response is slow

A

transcription and protein synthesis take time

106
Q

Sensitivity of the cell depends on

A

number of receptors

that cell has

107
Q

Why it is important to break down and replace hormone receptors

A

This process not only provides new receptors but also a level of
control where new receptors can be incorporated and
transcription increased

108
Q

What is up-regulation and down-regulation

A

Up-regulation—increased number of hormone receptors
increases sensitivity-hormones often regulate own receptor levels
– Down-regulation—decreased number of hormone receptors
decreases sensitivity

109
Q

How second messenger mechanism differs from steroid hormone action

A
  1. Effects of the hormone are amplified by the cascade of
    reactions
    -due to this cascade the effects can be disproportionately great
    when compared to the amount of hormone present (ex 10
    cAMP)
    2.The second messenger mechanism operates much more quickly
    than the steroid mechanism
110
Q

Who usually acts through second messenger mechanism

A

Nonsteroid hormones

111
Q

Action of GPCR and adenylyl cyclase

A

When a GPCR is activated by its extracellular ligand, a conformational change is induced
In a cAMP-dependent pathway, the activated Gs alpha subunit binds to and activates an enzyme called adenylyl cyclase, which, in turn, catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-second messenger

cAMP activates protein kinase A, which phosphorylated proteins, which brings cellular response

112
Q

What hormone acts through GPCR and adenylyl cyclase

A

FSH-follicle stimulating hormone

113
Q

Some cells use ___ instead of cAMP. In that case ___ is not activated, but ___

A

Ca

In this case there is still binding of G-protein linked receptor in
the membrane but instead of activation of Adenyl Cyclase,
Phospholipase C is activated.

114
Q

Function of GPCR through IP3

A

The extracellular signal molecule binds with the G-protein receptor (Gq) on the cell surface and activates phospholipase C, which is located on the plasma membrane. The lipase hydrolyzes (PIP2) into two second messengers: (IP3) and (DAG). IP3 binds with the IP3 receptor in the membrane of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria to open Ca2+ channels. DAG helps activate protein kinase C (PKC), which phosphorylates many other proteins, changing their catalytic activities, leading to cellular responses.

115
Q

What is the common feature of hormonal control

A

Negative feedback control

116
Q

Example of feedback loop with thyroid hormone

A 
1. Plasma concentration of
thyroid hormone falls (ex T3
and T4)
2. the anterior pituitary
secretes TSH
3. thyroid in turn secretes
TH
4.TH inhibits further
secretion TSH
117
Q

Parathyroid hormone controls

A

Blood calcium concentrations-> increases it

118
Q

What is happening with PTH during lactation

A 
Due to lactation blood Ca concentration is
lowered.
• This change is sensed and responded to by
the parathyroid
• Parathyroid increases secretion of
parathyroid hormone (PTH).
• PTH stimulates osteoclasts in bone to
release more Ca++ from storage in bone
tissue
• which increases maternal blood Ca++
concentration to the set point level.
119
Q

Size of pituitary gland

A
  1. 2 to 1.5 cm

0. 5 g in weight

120
Q

What part connects pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

A

Infundibulum

121
Q

Anterior and posterior parts of pituitary gland

A

Anterior-adenohypophysis

Posterior-Neurohypophysis

122
Q

What is the purpose of portal vessels in anterior pituitary

A

Neurons in hypothalamus secrete trophic hormones that are carried directly to anterior pituitary through portal vessels

123
Q

Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) divides into

A

• Pars anterior—forms the major portion of
adenohypophysis
• Pars intermedia

124
Q

Tissue in adenohypophysis is composed of

A

irregular clumps of secretory
cells supported by fine connective tissue fibers and
surrounded by a rich vascular network

125
Q

5 types of secretory cells in pituitary

A
  1. Somatotrophs
  2. Corticotrophs
  3. Thyrotrophs
  4. Lactotrophs
  5. Gonadotrophs
126
Q

Role of somatotrophs

A 
secrete GH (growth
hormone,aka somatotropin)
127
Q

Role of corticotrophs

A 
secrete ACTH (adrenocroticotropic
hormone) and MSH
128
Q

Role of thyrotrophs

A 
secrete TSH (thyroid stimulating
hormone)
129
Q

Role of lactotrophs

A

secrete prolactin (PRL)

130
Q

Role of gonadotrophs

A 
secrete LH (luteinizing hormone) and
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
131
Q

How growth hormone actions

A

promotes growth by stimulating the liver to produce
growth factors which in turn accelerates amino acid
transport into cells.
• Promotes growth of bone, muscle, and other
tissues by accelerating amino acid transport into
the cells-all process involve protein anabolism
• GH also stimulates lipid metabolism
- accelerates mobilization of lipids from cells and
speeds up lipid catabolism. This essentially shifts a
cells use of nutrients from glucose catabolism to
lipid catabolism

-Has also hyperglycemic affect

132
Q

GH and insulin have ___

A

Opposite effects

133
Q

GH affects metabolism in 3 ways

A

promotes protein anabolism
- promotes lipid mobilization and catabolization
- Indirectly inhibits glucose metabolism by shifting energy use
to lipid catabolism
- indirectly increases blood glucose

134
Q

Another name for GH

A

Insulin-like growth factor

135
Q

4 principle tropic hormones

A
  1. Thyroid stimulating
  2. Adrenocorticotropic
  3. Follicle-stimulating
  4. Luteinizing
136
Q

Control of anterior pituitary happens through

A

Negative feedback form hypothalamus

137
Q

What happens with FSH at menopause

A

Increase, higher than LH, so no corpus luteum-> The corpus luteum is essential for establishing and maintaining pregnancy in females.

138
Q

What is hypothalmichypophyseal

portal system

A

This is a capillary to capillary connection
Blood in this system carries
hypothalamic signals directly to the anterior pituitary

139
Q

Role of hypophyseal portal system

A

carries blood from
hypothalamus directly to adenohypophysis where target
cells of releasing hormones are located

140
Q

Hormones secreted by hypothalamus that are controlling pituitaru

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

  • Growth hormone inhibiting hormone(GHIH)
  • Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
  • Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)
141
Q

Relationship between the hypothalamus

and posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A 
Neurosecretory cells have
their bodies directly in the
hypothalamus and their
axon terminals in the
posterior pituitary.
• Posterior pituitary releases
oxytocin and vasopressin
(ADH)
142
Q

3 hormone pathologies

A
  • Hormone excess
  • Hormone deficiency
  • Abnormal responsiveness of target tissues
143
Q

Cushing’s disease is

A

hypercortisol secretion

144
Q

Describe cushing’s disease

A 
Normal cortisol action:
1.Protein breakdown
2.Glucose formation
3.Lipolysis
4.Anti-inflammatory effects
5.Depression of immune responses
•Hypersecretion exagerate`s a hormone`s effects

Symptoms: breakdown of muscle proteins and redistribution of body fat, resulting
in spindly arms and legs accompanied by a rounded moon face, pendulous
abdomen, flushed appearance

145
Q

Cushing’s disease is caused

A

tumour of adrenal gland secreting cortisol, or a tumour elsewhere
secreting ACTH, which in turn stimulates excessive secretion of cortisol

146
Q

Normal actions of thyroid gland

A

1.Increase basal metabolic rate: stimulates the use of oxygen to
produce ATP
2.Calorigenic effect: stimulates synthesis of additional
sodium-potassium ATPase
3.Stimulate protein synthesis and increase use of glucose and
fatty acids for ATP production
4.Enhance actions of catecholamines
5.Accelerate body growth

147
Q

Hypothyroid secretion symptoms and causes

A

Symptoms: swelling of facial tissues (puffiness), slow heart rate,
low body temperature, senstivity to cold, dry hair and skin
•Causes: iodine deficiency, stress, congenital (rare)

148
Q

Normal insulin action

A
  1. Accelerate facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells
  2. Speed conversion of glucose into glycogen
  3. Increase uptake of amino acids and increase protein synthesis
  4. Speed synthesis of fatty acids (lipogenesis)
  5. Slows glycogenolysis
  6. Slows gluconeogenesis
149
Q

Causes of abnormal response to insulin and symptoms

A

•Causes:obesity
• •Symptoms: high blood glucose, weight loss, excessive
thirst, frequent urination

150
Q

What is happening in DM

A

Glucose is not uptaken by cells

151
Q

What hormones balance calcium in use

A

Calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D

Mam Physiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions