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Mam Physiology > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

The immune system has three types of components

A

– Lymphoid tissues
– Various types of immune cells
– Chemical signals that coordinate responses

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2
Q

The immune system is able to recognize molecules as

A

foreign (“non-self”) and specifically attack them

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3
Q

Functions of immune system

A 
Protects against pathogens
– Bacteria
– Viruses
– Parasites
Protects against foreign molecules (e.g.,
toxins)
• Removes dead or damaged cells
• Attempts to recognize and remove abnormal
cells
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4
Q

3 types of immune system pathologies

A 
Incorrect immune responses
– Autoimmune disease (e.g., Type 1 diabetes)
• Overactive immune responses
– Allergies
• Lack of immune response
– Immunodeficiency disease (ex: AIDS)
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5
Q

2 lines of defense in the organism

A
  1. Physical and chemical barriers

2. Immune defenses

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6
Q

Examples of physical and chemical barriers

A

–Skin, epithelial linings, and cilia

–Acids, mucus, and lysozymes

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7
Q

2 types of immune defenses

A

Innate and Acquired/adaptive

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8
Q

Differences between innate and acquired immunity

A

–Innate immunity
• Non-specific – responds to a range of signals
• Immediate response
–Acquired/adaptive immunity
• Specific – attacks a specific pathogen or antigen
• Slower but stronger response
• Memory allows for fast responses upon re-exposure

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9
Q

4 examples of chemicals that act as barriers

A
  • sebum( secreted by sebaceous glands, low pH inhibits
    microbial growth
  • Perspiration (flushes skin of microbes, contains lysozyme
  • gastric juice (low pH, presence of enzymes)
  • urine: flushes preventing attachment
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10
Q

What is part of our innate immunity

A

Epithelial
Phagocytes (activate complement and NK cells)
Complement
NK cells (a type of lymphocyte)

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11
Q

Cells that are part of adaptive immunity

A

B lymphocytes that will differentiate to plasma cells that will produce antibodies upon exposure of particular antigen
T lymphocytes , cytotoxic T cell and T helper

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12
Q

4 steps in an immune response

A
  1. Detection and identification of the foreign
    substance
  2. Communication with other immune cells
  3. Recruitment of other immune cells, and
    coordination of the response
  4. Destruction or suppression of the invader
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13
Q

What is a lymphatic system

A 
a vascular
system that collects
tissue fluid and
returns it to the
blood.
This lymphatic fluid
(called lymph) is
monitored for
pathogens by
immune system cells
as it travels
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14
Q

What in lymphatic system is packed with T and B cells

A

Lymph nodes

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15
Q

What happens to lymph after certain period of time

A

It is going to be dumped back into the veins and thus right atrium

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16
Q

How much of fluid gets into the lymph system every day?

A

3.6L

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17
Q

The flow of lymph depends on

A

Muscle contraction, because it has no driving force

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18
Q

Primary lymphoid tissues

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

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19
Q

Encapsulated lymphoid tissues

A

Lymph nodes

Spleen

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20
Q

Lymphoid nodules are also called what type of lymphoid tissues

A

Diffuse, for example gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) . they are found beneath epithelial

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21
Q

Where thymus gland is found

A

A 2-lobed organ located in thorax just

above heart

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22
Q

When thymus gland reaches its peak size and what happens after

A

adolescence, then shrinks and is replaced

by adipose

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23
Q

What cells are eliminated during the development in thymus

A

cells that would be

self-reactive in the thymus are eliminated

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24
Q

Thymus produces

A

T lymphocytes
- Peptides: thymosin, thymopoietin,
thymulin

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25
Q

what are lymphoid nodules

A

Loose connective tissue with densely packed
lymphocytes
• Not surrounded by a fibrous capsule

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26
Q

In germinal center of lymph nodules what can be found

A

Dividing lymphocytes

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27
Q

Lymphoid nodules size

A

Size can increase or decrease depending on number of

lymphocytes present

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28
Q

Where lymphoid nodules are found

A

Located beneath epithelial lining of organs that have
direct contact to the outside world (digestive,
respiratory, urinary

Distribution of Lymphoid Nodules
– Respiratory tract (tonsils)
– Along digestive and urinary tracts

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29
Q

Steps in viral invasion

A

Viral invasion of host cell

Synthesis of new viral
nucleic acids and proteins

Self-assembly of new viral
macromolecules into new
virus particles

Virus particles released
from host cell

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30
Q

What is interferon

A

A chemical that will be released from virus infected cells.

It will warn nearby cells and induce the production of antiviral protein (AVP)

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31
Q

Anatomy of lymph nodes

A

Will have multiple afferent lymph vessels coming to the germinal core, screens and then the fluid goes out through efferent vessel. Has lymph node artery and vein

B cells are around the cortex
then t cells (paracortical) and medullary cords are macrophages and plasma cells

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32
Q

Anatomy of spleen

A

Darker regions of red pulp
are closely associated with
extensive blood vessels and
open venous sinuses.- associated with RBCs

Regions of white pulp resemble
the interior of lymph nodes and
are composed mainly of
lymphocytes
Located behind the stomach
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33
Q

Division of WBCs

A

Granulocytes(neutrophiles,basophules,eosinophils)

Agranulocutes (monocytes, lymphocytes,dendritic cells)

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34
Q

Appendix has a lot of

A

Lymphoid nodules

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35
Q

Mast cells have similar function to ___, however

A

Basophils
Release histamine and heparin

Mast cells are tissue specific, when basophils are in circulation

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36
Q

What kind of cells are highest in population in blood and their function

A

Neutrophils
Ingest and
destroy
invaders

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37
Q

Eosinophils function

A 
Destroy
invaders,
particularly
antibodycoated
parasites
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38
Q

Function of monocytes and macrophages

A

Ingest and destroy
invaders.
Antigen presentation

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39
Q

What cells are a link between innate and adaptive immunity, their other name and function

A 
Dendritic cells
Also called
Langerhans cells,
veiled cells
Recognize pathogens
and activate other
immune cells by
antigen presentation
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40
Q

Lymphocytes and plasma cells function

A

T, B, NK cells
Specific responses
to invaders, including
antibody production

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41
Q

Types of macrophages (brain,lungs,spleen,kidney, liver, epidermis)

A 
Microglial
Alveolar
Macrophages in sinuses of spleen
Macrophages in kidney
Kupffer cell
Dendritic cells
Macrophages in joints
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42
Q

Natural cells are good at

A

Releasing granules that kill some virus-infected cells and abnormal looking cells

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43
Q

Why most pathogens do not enter the body

A 
they
are kept out by surface tissues and their
secretions:
• Physical barriers
– Skin
– Mucous membranes
• Chemical barriers
– Stomach acid
– Lysozyme in many secreted fluids
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44
Q

What is done to pathogens without capsule

A

Phagocytosis by phagocytes

45
Q

What is done to pathogens with capsules

A

antobody molecules are attached to the pathogen. then the phagocyte with these antibody receptor recognizes it ->phagocytosis

46
Q

Ingested pathogens are ___ in phagocytes

A

Are killed by lysosomal enzymes

47
Q

Dendritic cells role

A

They reside in peripheral tissues
Dendritic cells migrate via lymphatic vessels to regional lymph nodes
Mature dendritic cells active naive T cells in lymph nodes by presenting an antigen

48
Q

How antigen presentation happens

A

Pathogen is lyzed and then macrophage presents antigen fragments on the surface receptor

49
Q

What NK cells secrete

A

Interferon-alpha and interferon-beta
• Prevent viral replication
– Interferon-gamma
• Activates macrophages and other immune cells

50
Q

Inflammation is caused by

A

Infection or tissue damage stimulates a set of

local nonspecific reactions

51
Q

3 beneficial roles of inflammation

A

Attract immune cells and chemical mediators to
sites of infection
– Create physical barriers to prevent infections from
spreading
– Promote tissue repair

52
Q

Steps in the inflammation response

A

Chemical signals called cytokines are released upon tissue
damage or infection
-Acute-phase proteins help prevent tissue damage
• Cytokines stimulate histamine release from mast cells

53
Q

Histamine causes ____

A
  1. vasodilation->leads to heat and redness
  2. nearby capillaries become more permeable
    2a - wbc’s and plasma proteins move into tissue
    2b - edema (swelling) results from the osmotic
    effect of the plasma proteins
54
Q

Cytokines aree

A

small proteins that stimulate or
inhibit many normal cell functions such as cell
growth and differentiation
• Released by tissue macrophages to stimulate
inflammation
• Attract other immune cells, increase tissue
permeability, and cause fever

55
Q

Interleukins are

A

a subset of cytokines
– Cause fever, blood vessels become more permeable to
wbc’s and proteins, acute-phase proteins

56
Q

Other chemicals released during inflammation

A

Bradykinin
– Pain and swelling
• Complement proteins (inactive as plasma
proteins)
– Complement cascade produces a membrane attack
complex (MAC) that inserts into foreign cell
membranes and results in cell lysis

57
Q

Acute phase proteins function

A

Liver proteins that act as opsonins (any molecule that enhances phagocytosis by marking an antigen) and enhance the inflammatory response

58
Q

What are chemotaxins

A

Molecules that attract phagocytes to a cite of infection

59
Q

What are pyrogens

A

Fever-producing substances

60
Q

What is an acquired immunity

A

response reacts to and targets a

specific foreign molecule, called an antigen

61
Q

What is active immunity

A

occurs when the lymphocytes are exposed

to foreign antigens in the body, (vaccination or exposure to the disease)

62
Q

What is passive immunity

A

Passive immunity occurs when we receive antibodies made

elsewhere (breast feeding

63
Q

Cytokines regulate both___

A

innate and acquired immune

responses, and also help coordinate these responses

64
Q

What is the problem with passive immunity

A

we do not acquire memory cells

65
Q

The coarse of the adaptive response

A 
1. Antigen presentation to helper T cell
by either a B cell or APC
2. The helper T cell gives the B cell
permission to differentiate into a plasma cell
3. Plasma cell (activated B cells)
4. Which produces antibody against the
antigen that was presented.
66
Q

What happens at the infection site after producing antibodies

A 
On the cellular reaction side, T cells
identify infected cells through MHC
antigen complexes on their surface
and become activated
B. The helper T cell produces cytokines
that cause the activated T cell to
differentiate into a cytotoxic T cell
which then kills the target cell
C. B cells and cytotoxic T cells become
memory cells
67
Q

Differences in types of lymphocytes

A 
B lymphocytes
– Plasma cells àsecrete antibodies
• T lymphocytes
– Helper T cells àsecrete cytokines
– Cytotoxic T cells àdirectly attack infected cells
• NK cells
68
Q

What is the majority if circulating lymphocyte and what they are part of

A 
T Cells (part of specific immunity)
– Make up 80% of circulating lymphocytes
69
Q

4 types of T cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells
– Helper T cells
– Suppressor T cells
– Memory T cells

70
Q

B cells are part of ___ immunity

A

Specific

71
Q

Percentage of B cells in lymphocytes

A

10-15 %

72
Q

What is antibody-mediated immunity

A

A chain of events that destroys the target compound or organism

73
Q

NK cells are part of ___

A

Non-specific immunity

74
Q

NK cells: the other name, percentage, responsibilities

A

Also called large granular lymphocytes
– Make up 5% to 10% of circulating lymphocytes
– Responsible for immunological surveillance
– Attack foreign cells, virus-infected cells, and cancer cells

75
Q

Where lymphocytes come from

A

In the bone marrow , there are hemocytoblasts. They differentiate into lymphoid stem cells. Some of them go to Thymus. Under the influence of thymic hormones lymphoid stem cells produce mature T cells

Other part of lymphoid stem cells int he bone marrow will differentiate into B cells and NK cells

76
Q

Lymphocytes that all bind a particular antigen

are called a ___

A

Clone

77
Q

What happens in immunity since Antigen stimulates a specific lymphocyte clone of cells
that have surface receptors for the antigen

A

Clonal expansion occurs as the cells multiple rapidly in
response to antigenic stimulation
• Some new cells become one of three types of effector
cells (plasma cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells)
• Other cells become memory cells, which create a
stronger and more rapid response to future antigen
exposure (memory T helper, memory T cytotoxic,
memory B cells)

78
Q

What is the role of memory cells

A

Respond Quickly and More

Strongly to Later Antigen Exposure (secondary immune response). It multiplies more rapidly

79
Q

B lymphocytes are responsible for

A

Humoral immunity

80
Q

Each clone of plasma cells produces a specific ___

A

Antibody

81
Q

Antibody structure

A

Fc region- the base
Fab region- 2 “hands”
Fc region has 2 heavy chains that extend to Fab region as well
Fab region has also light chain
Hinge region - a connection between Fab and Fc regions- allows movement of the arms

82
Q

Difference in primary and secondary responses

A

Primary- the peak of antobodies is day 2 and the concentration is not so high

Secondary- the response is less than a day and reaches max in day 3, but very high since the beginning

83
Q

Antibodies are also known as

A

Gamma globulins

84
Q

5 classes of antibodies

A

IgG,A,E,M and D

85
Q

what do each of antibodies do

A

IgG - most common, secondary response is IgG
– IgA - secretory form (saliva, tears, breast milk, etc.)
– IgE - involved in allergic responses
– IgM - antibodies involved in primary response
– IgD - found on surface of B cells, role unclear

86
Q

Functions of antibodies in general

A

Active B lymphocytes
Acts as opsonins ( tag antigens for phagocytosis)
Causes antigen clumping and inactivation of bacterial toxins
Activates antibody-dependent cellular activity (NK or eosinophil)
Triggers mast cell degranulation
Activates complement

87
Q

In cell-mediated immunity role of T cells

A

T lymphocytes are
specialized to defend against intracellular
pathogens

88
Q

T cells use ___ signaling

A

contact-dependent

89
Q

What is MHC

A

major histocompatibility complex
Antigen-Presenting molecules and markers of ‘self’
They are found in all body cells. (MHCI)

MHC class II proteins
– Found only on antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells,
macrophages, B cells)
– Recognized by helper T cells (CD4 T cells)

90
Q

How T cells get activated

A

MHC -antigen complex binds to the corresponding T-cell receptor and activates T-cell with this receptor

91
Q

Difference and similarities between cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells

A 
they both mature in thymus
Cytotoxic can kill directly. Target MHC class I target cells ( so any type of cells in the body)

Helper T cells binds to MHC-II antigen-presenting cells and after start secrete cytokines that will activate other immune cells

92
Q

What is the reason for tissue rejection

A

MHC

93
Q

Difference of B cells and T cells in antigen recognition

A 
B cells can recognize and bind to
antigens in lymph, interstitial fluid, or
blood plasma
• T cells only recognize fragments of
antigenic proteins that are
processed in a certain way
94
Q

How antigen presentation occur

A 
In antigen processing, antigen
proteins are broken down into
peptide fragments that then
associate with MHC molecules
• The antigen-MHC complex then
inserts itself into the plasma
membrane of a body cell
95
Q

Cytotoxic T cells: characteristics and function

A

Display CD8 (CD8 T cells)
– Attack and destroy infected cells in two ways
• Release perforin to create holes in infected cells
• Stimulate apoptosis (cell suicide)

96
Q

Helper T cells: function and what cd

A

– Secrete cytokines that influence other immune
cells
– Bind to B cells, promoting differentiation to
plasma cells
– Display CD4 (CD4T cells)

97
Q

What is CD in immunity

A

The cluster of differentiation (also known as cluster of designation or classification determinant and often abbreviated as CD) is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules providing targets for immunophenotyping of cells.

98
Q

What reacts more quickly and what stronger in immune system

A

– Innate responses act quickly

– Acquired responses take longer, but are stronger

99
Q

What chemicals coordinate and reinforce the two sets of responses

A

Cytokines

100
Q

Immune response to extracellular bacteria

A
  1. Activity of complement system: activated by
    components of bacterial cell wall
  2. Activity of phagocytes: if uncapsulated,
    macrophages can begin to ingest bacteria
    immediately; presence of capsule disguises bacteria
    from macrophage receptor
  3. Role of acquired immune response (lymphocytes)
  4. Initiation of repair; recruitment of platelets and
    proteins of coagulation cascade; once bacteria are
    removed , repaired by growth factors and cytokines
101
Q

Bacteria activate ___

A

Complement proteins

102
Q

Complement proteins do what upon activation by bacteria

A

Make Membrane attack complex
Activate mast cells that will secrete chemotaxins and histamine
And also they will serve themselves as chemotaxins to attract circulating leukocytes

103
Q

Immune response to viruses

A
  1. Antibodies act as opsonins; coating viral particles to make them better
    targets for APCs such as macrophages
  2. Macrophages that ingest viruses insert fragments of viral antigen into
    MHC-II molecules on membrane; macrophages secrete cytokine
    (interferon production)
  3. Helper T cells bind to viral antigen on MHC-II molecules; activated Th
    cells then secrete cytokines to stimulate B lymphocytes and cytotoxic T
    cells
  4. Previous exposure to the virus can create memory B lymphocytes with
    viral antibody on their surface; activates more memory cells and
    promotes development of plasma cellsàantibody production
  5. Tc cells use viral antigen –MHC-I receptors with antigen, they secrete the
    contents of their granules onto cell surface. Perforin molecules insert
    pores into host cell membrane allowing granzymes to enter; cell
    undergoes apoptosis
104
Q

Mechanism of allergic reaction

A

First exposure: allergens ingested and processed by antigen-presenting cell
Antigen -presenting cell activates helper T cell, which in turn activate B lymphocyte , thus will antibodies and memory cells produced

Reexposure:allergens will bind to antibodies (IgE) on mast cell and degranulate releasing cytokines, histamine->vasodilation, bronchoconstriction and increased vascular permeability

Allergen will also bind to IgG-> activation of complement proteins-> inflammation

T cells will be activated once again ( out of memory T cells) -> release of cytokines->inflammation

105
Q

Autoimmune disease in thyroid glans

A

Grave’s (TSH receptor on thyroid cells)

106
Q

Autoimmune disease of pancreas

A

T1DM ( beta cells in pancreas)

107
Q

Autoimmune disease in nervous system

A 
Multiple sclerosis (myelin of CNS neurons)
Myasthenia gravis (acetylcholine receptor of motor endplate)
Guillain-Barre( myelin in peripheral nerves)
108
Q

What is rheumatois arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus

A

Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune , attacks collagen
systemic lupus erythematosus- causes inflammation in connective tissues, such as cartilage and the lining of blood vessels, antbodies produced against intracellular nucleic acid protein complex

109
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis

A

the decreasing incidence of infections in western countries and more recently in developing countries is at the origin of the increasing incidence of both autoimmune and allergic diseases.

Mam Physiology (16 decks)

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