Respiratory system

Question 1

Two centers in the stem that control breathing

Answer 1

Pons and underneath medulla

Question 2

Pons is responsible for what in breathing

Answer 2

Long deep breaths and intensity

Its main function is to control the rate or speed of involuntary respiration.

Question 3

What center will cause us to exhale

Answer 3

Pneumotaxic center

Question 4

Involuntary respiration is controlled by ___ center in the upper brain stem. It controls ____

Answer 4

respiratory center

The respiratory centers contain chemoreceptors that detect pH levels in the blood and send signals to the respiratory centers of the brain to adjust the ventilation rate to change acidity by increasing or decreasing the removal of carbon dioxide (since carbon dioxide is linked to higher levels of hydrogen ions in blood).

Question 5

Peripheral chemoreceptors are found in

Answer 5

There are also peripheral chemoreceptors in other blood vessels that perform this function as well, which include the aortic and carotid bodies

Question 6

Function of medulla in breathing

Answer 6

Its main function is to send signals to the muscles that control respiration to cause breathing to occur.

Question 7

Two regions in medulla that control breathing

Answer 7

There are two regions in the medulla that control respiration:

The ventral respiratory group stimulates expiratory movements.
The dorsal respiratory group stimulates inspiratory movements.

Question 8

Two regions in pons and their role

Answer 8

The apneustic center sends signals for inspiration for long and deep breaths. It controls the intensity of breathing and is inhibited by the stretch receptors of the pulmonary muscles at maximum depth of inspiration, or by signals from the pnuemotaxic center. It increases tidal volume
.
The pnuemotaxic center sends signals to inhibit inspiration that allows it to finely control the respiratory rate. Its signals limit the activity of the phrenic nerve and inhibits the signals of the apneustic center. It decreases tidal volume.
The apneustic and pnuemotaxic centers work against each other together to control the respiratory rate. They relay the signal to medulla, who will in turn control the breath

Question 9

Who receives signal from chemoreceptors

Answer 9

Apneustic and pnuemotaxic receptors

Question 10

What can
override the “automatic”
control of breathing

Answer 10

the cerebral cortex

Question 11

what actions are performed during respiration

Answer 11

1. External respiration
2. Transport of gases by
   the blood
3. Internal respiration
4. Regulation of
   respiration

Question 12

3 divisions of respiratory system

Answer 12

– Upper respiratory (larynx,esophagus,nose,pharynx)
– Lower respiratory tract (trachea,lungs)
– Accessory structures

Question 13

Diaphragm is ___ muscle

Answer 13

Skeletal

Question 14

Larynx is involved in

Answer 14

Sound production

Question 15

On left side on the lung you have only __ lobes, when in the right it is ___

Answer 15

Left-2

Right-3

Question 16

As you get lower the trachea and to the lungs who do the cell change

Answer 16

Cartilage change for smooth muscle

Question 17

What is muscles are involved in inhalation

Answer 17

External intercostais and diaphragm, scalenes and sternocleidomastoids

Question 18

What muscles are involved in exhalation

Answer 18

Internal intercostais

Abdominal muscles

Question 19

What structures are actually involved in external respiration

Answer 19

• Alveolar sacs.
• capillaries
• Pulmonary
Arterioles
• Pulmonary vein

Question 20

Parts in pharynx

Answer 20

nasopharynx
oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 21

Role of nose

Answer 21

Conditioning of the air (warmed and humidified)
Microorganisms and other particles that are not supposed to get in are trapped in mucus
Sound production

Question 22

What is cleft palate

Answer 22

Palatine bones- form hard palate

This is a disease characterized by failure to unite completely and only partially separate the nose and the mouth, producing difficulty in swallowing and speech

Question 23

Cause of cleft palate

Answer 23

Cause-genetic (mutant gene, trisomy 13)
non-genetic (teratogenic- corticosteroids, benzodiazepines,
anticonvulsants),

Developmental defect resulting from
decreased migration of neural crest cells

Question 24

What can be done to decrease the cleft palate

Answer 24

by taking multivitamin

with folic acid.

Question 25

Pharynx connects ___ and ___

Answer 25

Upper and lower airways

Question 26

Pharynx starts where and is made from

Answer 26

Made from muscles | Starts at the base of skull

Question 27

Why do we have sinuses?

Answer 27

- Maybe for lightening the skull, so it is not so heavy - Maybe immunity - maybe in conditioning

Question 28

in nasopharynx there is a connection to

Answer 28

Middle ear

Question 29

Larynx is producing the sound for our voice , but it is helped by

Answer 29

Nose and Speech-Pharynx changes shape to produce certain vowel sounds.

Question 30

Trachea connects

Answer 30

The larynx to the bronchi and from the larynx to the primary bronchi

Question 31

Obstruction of trachea causes ___

Answer 31

Death

Question 32

What is embedded in cartilage c rings

Answer 32

Smooth muscle

Question 33

What is the main tissue type in trachea

Answer 33

hyaline cartilage | Pseudostratified epethilia-ciliated

Question 34

What happens to bacteria that get to trachea

Answer 34

They got trapped in mucus in the airway and then it is sweeped up the trachea to the larynx and then you swallow it and it is killed in the acidic of the stomach

Question 35

Trachea branches in

Answer 35

Primary bronchi and then in secondary and then bronchioles

Question 36

Three layers in bronchials and what specific cells it has

Answer 36

epithelial, smooth muscles, connective Goblet cells and ciliated cells

Question 37

Terminal bronchiole leads to

Answer 37

respiratory bronchial and then alveolus

Question 38

Clusters of alveoli are called

Answer 38

alveolar sacs

Question 39

What are the pores of kohn

Answer 39

The pores of Kohn (also known as interalveolar connections) are discrete holes in walls of adjacent alveoli

Question 40

Respiratory | membrane is

Answer 40

—the barrier between which gases are exchanged by alveolar air and blood

Question 41

respiratory membrane consists of

Answer 41

alveolar epithelium, capillary endothelium, and their joined basement membranes

Question 42

The surface of the respiratory membrane inside each alveolus is coated with

Answer 42

``` a fluid - Surfactant—that reduces surface tension-produced by Type II cells(septal cells) ```

Question 43

Types of cells in alveoli

Answer 43

There are three major types of alveolar cell. ... Type I cells are squamous, thin and flat and form the structure of the alveoli. Type II cells release pulmonary surfactant to lower surface tension. Type II cells can also differentiate to replace damaged type I cells.

Question 44

What happens during inspiration

Answer 44

During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards, and the thoracic cavity increases in volume. This decreases the intra-alveolar pressure so that air flows into the lungs. Inspiration draws air into the lungs

Question 45

What happens during expiration

Answer 45

``` During expiration, the relaxation of the diaphragm and elastic recoil of tissue decreases the thoracic volume and increases the intra-alveolar pressure. Expiration pushes air out of the lungs. ```

Question 46

Why do we need 2 gradients for respiration

Answer 46

One in which the pressure within alveoli of lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure to produce inspiration • One in which the pressure in alveoli of lungs is higher than atmospheric pressure to produce expiration

Question 47

Pressure gradients are established by

Answer 47

changes in size of thoracic cavity that are produced by contraction and relaxation of muscles

Question 48

what is PB

Answer 48

``` Atmospheric pressure (PB) is the air pressure of the atmosphere outside the body’s airways. ```

Question 49

What is PA

Answer 49

Alveolar pressure-intrapulmonary pressure—the pressure at the far end of the internal airways.

Question 50

What is PIP

Answer 50

Intrapleural pressure (PIP)-created by two membranes that surround the lungs. It is the fluid pressure of the pleural fluid between the parietal pleura (outer membrane attached to the chest wall) and visceral pleura (membrane surrounding lung)

Question 51

Pleural space is

Answer 51

thin fluid-filled space between the two pulmonary pleurae parital-outter layer visceral-inner layer pariatal is connected to diaphragm

Question 52

Air moves into lungs when ___ pressure drops below | ___pressure

Answer 52

alveolar | atmospheric

Question 53

What is compliance

Answer 53

ability of pulmonary tissues to stretch, making inspiration | possible

Question 54

Surfactant is classified as what type of molecule and is formed from___, and function

Answer 54

Surfactant a lipoprotein is formed from protein and phospholipid secretions by type II cells in the wall of the alveolus • It acts to reduce surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse during exhalation

Question 55

Explain in detail the function of surfactant

Answer 55

water molecules want to shrink together because water molecules are attracted to each other-this would decrease the size of the alveolus • Surfactant acts to decrease attraction between water molecules • Surfactant molecules are interspersed between water molecules and in doing so promotes expansion of the lungs, and acts against the tendency to recoil

Question 56

What are primary phagocytes in the innate immune system

Answer 56

Alveolar Macrophages

Question 57

Function of Alveolar Macrophages

Answer 57

Clearing the air space of infectious, toxic or allergic particles secretion of lysozyme, antimicrobial peptides and proteases • through processes of phagocytosis • alveolar macrophages can eliminate the small inocula of typical microbes which are aspirated daily in the normal host

Question 58

Factors that determine the amount of oxygen | that diffuses into blood:

Answer 58

The total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane • The respiratory volume • Alveolar ventilation

Question 59

Structural factors that facilitate oxygen diffusion | from alveolar air to blood

Answer 59

Cappillary bed • Walls of the alveoli and capillaries form only a very thin barrier for gases to cross • Alveolar and capillary surfaces are large • Blood is distributed through the capillaries in a thin layer so each red blood cell comes close to alveolar

Question 60

negative feedback control of respiration

Answer 60

``` Increased cellular respiration during exercise causes a rise in plasma Pco2—which is detected by central chemoreceptors in the brain and perhaps peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus and aorta. ``` ``` • Feedback information is relayed to integrators in the brainstem that respond to the increase in Pco2 above the set point value by sending nervous correction signals to the respiratory muscles, which act as effectors. ``` ``` • The effector muscles increase their alternate contraction and relaxation, thus increasing the rate of respiration. As the respiration rate increases, the rate of CO2 loss from the body increases and Pco2 drops accordingly. This brings the plasma Pco2 back to its set point value. ```

Question 61

Changes in the Po2, Pco2 and pH of arterial blood influence ____

Answer 61

medullary rhythmicity area Pco2 acts on central chemoreceptors in medulla—if it increases, result is faster breathing; if it decreases, result is slower breathing • A decrease in blood pH (less Co2) stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies, and even more so, the central chemoreceptors (because they are surrounded by unbuffered fluid) to slow breathing • Arterial blood Po2 presumably has little influence if it stays above a certain level

Question 62

What is happening in asthma, bronchitis and emphysema in lungs

Answer 62

Bronchitis- extra secretion of mucus Asthma- smooth muscle contract too much, edema of respiratory mucosa and excessive mucus production obstruct airways Emphysema- after years of smoking- enlargement and destruction of alveolar walls