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Mam Physiology > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Two centers in the stem that control breathing

A

Pons and underneath medulla

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2
Q

Pons is responsible for what in breathing

A

Long deep breaths and intensity

Its main function is to control the rate or speed of involuntary respiration.

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3
Q

What center will cause us to exhale

A

Pneumotaxic center

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4
Q

Involuntary respiration is controlled by ___ center in the upper brain stem. It controls ____

A

respiratory center

The respiratory centers contain chemoreceptors that detect pH levels in the blood and send signals to the respiratory centers of the brain to adjust the ventilation rate to change acidity by increasing or decreasing the removal of carbon dioxide (since carbon dioxide is linked to higher levels of hydrogen ions in blood).

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5
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are found in

A

There are also peripheral chemoreceptors in other blood vessels that perform this function as well, which include the aortic and carotid bodies

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6
Q

Function of medulla in breathing

A

Its main function is to send signals to the muscles that control respiration to cause breathing to occur.

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7
Q

Two regions in medulla that control breathing

A

There are two regions in the medulla that control respiration:

The ventral respiratory group stimulates expiratory movements.
The dorsal respiratory group stimulates inspiratory movements.

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8
Q

Two regions in pons and their role

A

The apneustic center sends signals for inspiration for long and deep breaths. It controls the intensity of breathing and is inhibited by the stretch receptors of the pulmonary muscles at maximum depth of inspiration, or by signals from the pnuemotaxic center. It increases tidal volume
.
The pnuemotaxic center sends signals to inhibit inspiration that allows it to finely control the respiratory rate. Its signals limit the activity of the phrenic nerve and inhibits the signals of the apneustic center. It decreases tidal volume.
The apneustic and pnuemotaxic centers work against each other together to control the respiratory rate. They relay the signal to medulla, who will in turn control the breath

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9
Q

Who receives signal from chemoreceptors

A

Apneustic and pnuemotaxic receptors

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10
Q

What can
override the “automatic”
control of breathing

A

the cerebral cortex

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11
Q

what actions are performed during respiration

A
  1. External respiration
  2. Transport of gases by
    the blood
  3. Internal respiration
  4. Regulation of
    respiration
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12
Q

3 divisions of respiratory system

A

– Upper respiratory (larynx,esophagus,nose,pharynx)
– Lower respiratory tract (trachea,lungs)
– Accessory structures

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13
Q

Diaphragm is ___ muscle

A

Skeletal

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14
Q

Larynx is involved in

A

Sound production

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15
Q

On left side on the lung you have only __ lobes, when in the right it is ___

A

Left-2

Right-3

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16
Q

As you get lower the trachea and to the lungs who do the cell change

A

Cartilage change for smooth muscle

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17
Q

What is muscles are involved in inhalation

A

External intercostais and diaphragm, scalenes and sternocleidomastoids

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18
Q

What muscles are involved in exhalation

A

Internal intercostais

Abdominal muscles

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19
Q

What structures are actually involved in external respiration

A 
• Alveolar sacs.
• capillaries
• Pulmonary
Arterioles
• Pulmonary vein
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20
Q

Parts in pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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21
Q

Role of nose

A

Conditioning of the air (warmed and humidified)
Microorganisms and other particles that are not supposed to get in are trapped in mucus
Sound production

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22
Q

What is cleft palate

A

Palatine bones- form hard palate

This is a disease characterized by failure to unite completely and only partially separate the nose and the mouth, producing difficulty in swallowing and speech

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23
Q

Cause of cleft palate

A

Cause-genetic (mutant gene, trisomy 13)
non-genetic (teratogenic- corticosteroids, benzodiazepines,
anticonvulsants),

Developmental defect resulting from
decreased migration of neural crest cells

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24
Q

What can be done to decrease the cleft palate

A

by taking multivitamin

with folic acid.

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25
Q

Pharynx connects ___ and ___

A

Upper and lower airways

26
Q

Pharynx starts where and is made from

A

Made from muscles

Starts at the base of skull

27
Q

Why do we have sinuses?

A
  • Maybe for lightening the skull, so it is not so heavy
  • Maybe immunity
  • maybe in conditioning
28
Q

in nasopharynx there is a connection to

A

Middle ear

29
Q

Larynx is producing the sound for our voice , but it is helped by

A

Nose and Speech-Pharynx changes shape
to produce certain vowel
sounds.

30
Q

Trachea connects

A

The larynx to the bronchi and from the larynx to the primary bronchi

31
Q

Obstruction of trachea causes ___

A

Death

32
Q

What is embedded in cartilage c rings

A

Smooth muscle

33
Q

What is the main tissue type in trachea

A

hyaline cartilage

Pseudostratified epethilia-ciliated

34
Q

What happens to bacteria that get to trachea

A

They got trapped in mucus in the airway and then it is sweeped up the trachea to the larynx and then you swallow it and it is killed in the acidic of the stomach

35
Q

Trachea branches in

A

Primary bronchi and then in secondary and then bronchioles

36
Q

Three layers in bronchials and what specific cells it has

A

epithelial, smooth muscles,
connective
Goblet cells and ciliated cells

37
Q

Terminal bronchiole leads to

A

respiratory bronchial and then alveolus

38
Q

Clusters of alveoli are called

A

alveolar sacs

39
Q

What are the pores of kohn

A

The pores of Kohn (also known as interalveolar connections) are discrete holes in walls of adjacent alveoli

40
Q

Respiratory

membrane is

A

—the
barrier between which
gases are exchanged by
alveolar air and blood

41
Q

respiratory membrane consists of

A

alveolar epithelium,
capillary endothelium,
and their joined
basement membranes

42
Q

The surface of the
respiratory membrane
inside each alveolus is
coated with

A 
a fluid -
Surfactant—that
reduces surface
tension-produced by
Type II cells(septal cells)
43
Q

Types of cells in alveoli

A

There are three major types of alveolar cell. … Type I cells are squamous, thin and flat and form the structure of the alveoli. Type II cells release pulmonary surfactant to lower surface tension. Type II cells can also differentiate to replace damaged type I cells.

44
Q

What happens during inspiration

A

During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts
and moves downwards, and the thoracic
cavity increases in volume. This decreases
the intra-alveolar pressure so that air flows
into the lungs. Inspiration draws air into the
lungs

45
Q

What happens during expiration

A 
During expiration, the relaxation of the
diaphragm and elastic recoil of tissue
decreases the thoracic volume and increases
the intra-alveolar pressure. Expiration
pushes air out of the lungs.
46
Q

Why do we need 2 gradients for respiration

A

One in which the pressure within alveoli of lungs is
lower than atmospheric pressure to produce inspiration
• One in which the pressure in alveoli of lungs is higher
than atmospheric pressure to produce expiration

47
Q

Pressure gradients are established by

A

changes in
size of thoracic cavity that are produced by
contraction and relaxation of muscles

48
Q

what is PB

A 
Atmospheric pressure (PB) is the air pressure of the atmosphere outside the
body’s airways.
49
Q

What is PA

A

Alveolar pressure-intrapulmonary pressure—the pressure at the far end of
the internal airways.

50
Q

What is PIP

A

Intrapleural pressure (PIP)-created by two membranes that surround the lungs. It
is the fluid pressure of the pleural fluid between the parietal pleura (outer
membrane attached to the chest wall) and visceral pleura (membrane
surrounding lung)

51
Q

Pleural space is

A

thin fluid-filled space between the two pulmonary pleurae

parital-outter layer
visceral-inner layer

pariatal is connected to diaphragm

52
Q

Air moves into lungs when ___ pressure drops below

___pressure

A

alveolar

atmospheric

53
Q

What is compliance

A

ability of pulmonary tissues to stretch, making inspiration

possible

54
Q

Surfactant is classified as what type of molecule and is formed from___, and function

A

Surfactant a lipoprotein is formed from protein and phospholipid
secretions by type II cells in the wall of the alveolus
• It acts to reduce surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse during
exhalation

55
Q

Explain in detail the function of surfactant

A

water molecules want to shrink together because water
molecules are attracted to each other-this would decrease
the size of the alveolus
• Surfactant acts to decrease attraction between water
molecules
• Surfactant molecules are interspersed between water
molecules and in doing so promotes expansion of the
lungs, and acts against the tendency to recoil

56
Q

What are primary phagocytes in the innate immune system

A

Alveolar Macrophages

57
Q

Function of Alveolar Macrophages

A

Clearing the air space of infectious, toxic or allergic particles
secretion of lysozyme, antimicrobial peptides and proteases
• through processes of phagocytosis
• alveolar macrophages can eliminate the small inocula of typical
microbes which are aspirated daily in the normal host

58
Q

Factors that determine the amount of oxygen

that diffuses into blood:

A

The total functional surface area of the respiratory
membrane
• The respiratory volume
• Alveolar ventilation

59
Q

Structural factors that facilitate oxygen diffusion

from alveolar air to blood

A

Cappillary bed
• Walls of the alveoli and capillaries form only a very
thin barrier for gases to cross
• Alveolar and capillary surfaces are large
• Blood is distributed through the capillaries in a thin
layer so each red blood cell comes close to alveolar

60
Q

negative feedback control of respiration

A 
Increased cellular respiration during
exercise causes a rise in plasma
Pco2—which is detected by central
chemoreceptors in the brain and
perhaps peripheral chemoreceptors in
the carotid sinus and aorta.
• Feedback information is relayed to
integrators in the brainstem that
respond to the increase in Pco2 above
the set point value by sending nervous
correction signals to the respiratory
muscles, which act as effectors.
• The effector muscles increase their
alternate contraction and relaxation,
thus increasing the rate of respiration.
As the respiration rate increases, the
rate of CO2 loss from the body
increases and Pco2 drops accordingly.
This brings the plasma Pco2 back to its
set point value.
61
Q

Changes in the Po2, Pco2 and pH of arterial blood influence ____

A

medullary
rhythmicity area

Pco2 acts on central chemoreceptors in medulla—if it increases, result is faster
breathing; if it decreases, result is slower breathing
• A decrease in blood pH (less Co2) stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors in the
carotid and aortic bodies, and even more so, the central chemoreceptors (because
they are surrounded by unbuffered fluid) to slow breathing
• Arterial blood Po2 presumably has little influence if it stays above a
certain level

62
Q

What is happening in asthma, bronchitis and emphysema in lungs

A

Bronchitis- extra secretion of mucus

Asthma- smooth muscle contract too much, edema of respiratory mucosa and excessive mucus production obstruct airways

Emphysema- after years of smoking- enlargement and destruction of alveolar walls

Mam Physiology (16 decks)

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