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Mam Physiology > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Function of bones

A

storage, hematopoiesis,

protection, movement

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2
Q

Types of tissue in bones

A

Connective tissue with calcified matrix. this matrix surrounds osteocytes and osteoblasts

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3
Q

Structurally, there are 4 types of bones

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

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4
Q

Bones vary in their proportions of ___ and ____;

A

compact
cancellous
(spongy) bone

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5
Q

Appearance of compact and caancellous bone

A

compact bone is dense and solid in appearance
• whereas cancellous bone is characterized by open space
partially filled with needle-like structures

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6
Q

What is diaphysis

A 
Main shaft of long bone
• Hollow, cylindrical shape and thick,
compact bone
• Function is to provide strong support without
cumbersome weight
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7
Q

What is epiphyses

A 
Both ends of a long bone, made
of cancellous bone filled with
marrow
• Bulbous shape
• Function is to provide
attachments for muscles and
give stability to joints
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8
Q

What is articular cartilage

A

Layer of hyaline cartilage that
covers the articular surface of
epiphyses

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9
Q

Hyaline cartilage function

A

Elastic cartilage

Function is to cushion jolts and blows

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10
Q

What is periosteum (appearance, where does it attach, what does it have, function)

A 
Dense, white, fibrous membrane
that covers bone
• Attaches tendons firmly to bones
• Contains cells that form and destroy
bone
• Contains blood vessels important in
growth and repair
• Contains blood vessels that send
branches into bone
• Essential for bone cell survival and
bone formation
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11
Q

In adult medullary or marrow cavity is filled with

A

Yellow marrow

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12
Q

What is endosteum

A

thin epithelial
membrane that lines
medullary cavity

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13
Q

Parts of the long bone

A 
endosteum
medullary cavity
Periosteum
Articular cartilage
Epiphyses
Diaphysis
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14
Q

What is the inner portion of short, flat and irregular bones

A

Cancellous bone, covered on the outside with compact bone

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15
Q

What can be found inside cancellous bone of a few irregular and flat bones

A

Red marrow

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16
Q

Name bones with high red marrow

A

ribs, pelvis and skull.

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17
Q

Composition of bone matrix can be divided into

___

A

inorganic salts and organic matrix

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18
Q

The hardness of bone results from the deposition of:

A

Hydroxyapatite—highly specialized chemical crystals of

calcium and phosphate

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19
Q

Hydrozyapatite is found between ___

A

collagen

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20
Q

apart from hydroxyapatite, what other salt is a part of the bone

A

10% calcium carbonate

Magnesium and sodium are also found in bone

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21
Q

How calcium carbonate crystals are oriented in the bone

A

Slender, needle-like crystals are oriented to most effectively
resist stress and mechanical deformation

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22
Q

Organic matrix of the bone is secreted by ____

A 
bone cells (osteoblasts, derived from
mesenchymal stem cells).
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23
Q

Role of mesenchymal cells

A

derives osteoblasts

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24
Q

What is a ground substance

A

Made of collagenous fibers and a mixture of protein
and polysaccharides which forms a gelatanous
material

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25
Q

Role of ground substance

A

important in bone growth,
repair and remodeling as it acts as a medium for the
diffusion of nutrients, oxygen and metabolic waste

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26
Q

Four types of structures make up each osteon:

A

Lamella
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Havesian canal

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27
Q

What are lamella

A

concentric rings that are , islands of calcified matrix. Altered by growth.
Think of Tree rings

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28
Q

What are lacunae

A

small spaces containing tissue fluid in which bone cells (osteocytes)
are located between hard layers of the lamella

29
Q

What are canaliculi

A

ultrasmall canals radiating from the osteocytes and connecting them to
each other and to the Haversian canal (part of network that allows excretion and
absorption of nutrients)

30
Q

What are haversian canal

A

extends lengthwise through the center of each osteon and

contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

31
Q

Structure of the Cancellous Bone

A

There are no osteons in cancellous bone; instead, it has
trabeculae-needle like bony spicules
– Nutrients are delivered and waste products removed by
diffusion through tiny canaliculi (canals radiating from
bone cells)
– Bony spicules are arranged along lines of stress,
enhancing the bone’s strength

32
Q

Difference between osteoblast and osteoclast and osteocyte

A 
Osteoblasts
deposit calcium
as they create
new bone matrix
• Osteoclasts
 break
down bone
matrix during
bone resorption

-Osteocyte—is a transformed osteoblast
that is trapped in the surrounding bone
matrix.
• Final differentiation state for an osteoblast

33
Q

All bone surfaces are covered with layer of cells mostly made of
___, and less ____

A

osteoblasts (bone building)
less osteoclasts (bone reabsorbing
cells)

34
Q

Osteoclasts- cell specificity

A

Giant multinucleate
Formed by the fusion of several
precursor cells-multinucleated

35
Q

Osteoclasts develop from ___. Attach to ____

A

Stem cells in bone marrow

Attach to bone surface by integrins

36
Q

When does the formation of bone tissue stop

A 
The formation of
bone tissues
continues
throughout life,
long after growth
stops.
37
Q

RANK protein is expressed by ___, as well as ___

A

Osteoblasts

OPG (osteoprotegerin)

38
Q

RANK and OPG relationship

A

OPG is RANK inhibitor

39
Q

Function of RANK

A

essential for osteoclast formation, function and survival. Continually binds to osteoclast

40
Q

Estrogen role in bone remodelling

A

Limits the RANK ligand receptors on osteoblasts

41
Q

OPG function

A

Reduce RANK and osteoblast activity

42
Q

What happens in postmenopausal women

A

Decreased estrogen->increased RANK receptors->increased activity of osteoclasts

43
Q

Stimulator of osteoblast induction of osteoclast differentiation

A

Parathyroid hormone-> trigger release of calcium

44
Q

opposing effects of parathyroid hormones have ___

A

Calcitonin

45
Q

What can affect Calcium Balance?

A

Age
Disease
Diet
Medications

46
Q

When people have positive, negative and equal balance

A

Children usually have a positive balance that allows
bone to grow
• In adults input and output should be the same
• Post-menopausal women tend to have a negative
calcium balance

47
Q

PTH is released when

A

When plasma Ca is low

48
Q

PTH action

A

ØMobilizes calcium from
bone

ØEnhances renal
reabsorption of calcium

ØStimulates release of
Calcitriol
• Calcitriol increases intestinal
calcium absorption

49
Q

Calcitonin is released as a response to

A

Ca2+ is high)
ØDecreases bone resorption
ØIncreases renal calcium
excretion

50
Q

PTH and Vitamin D relationship

A

PTH will stimulate kidney to convert 25(OH)D3 to calcitriol ( the first activation of vitamin D was in the liver).

PTH together with Vitamin D will increase plasma calcium

51
Q

Actions of Vitamin D on calcium regulation:

A

Increased reabsorption in the proximal and distal
convoluted tubules of the kidney
– Vitamin D stimulates osteoblast activity to increase
bone mass and calcification
– In the intestine increases the synthesis of calcium
binding proteins on intestinal cells

52
Q

Disorders of vitamin D can cause ___

A

weak bones

(rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults

53
Q

Development of Bone is ___

A

osteogenesis

54
Q

When the skeleton forms in a fetus it is made of ___

A

cartilage

55
Q

Changing of cartilage to bone tissue requires

A

constant activity by the osteoblasts
and osteoclasts
• Calcification by laying down of calcium salts (calcium and
phosphorous)

56
Q

In the adults sculpting of the bone allows bones to ___

A

respond to stress

or injury by changing size shape and density

57
Q

Exercise and bone health

A

Exercise stimulates osteoblasts to secrete more collagen which
makes bones stronger

58
Q

There are two mechanisms for bone formations

A
  1. Intramebranous -some flat bones, no cartilage

2. Endochondral cartilage, vascular, long and flat bones

59
Q

Intramembranous bones: examples and how do they begin

A

bones)-less common
• Flat bones, like the bones of the skull or jaw bone,
– does not begin with a cartilage model.
– Instead, dense areas of mesenchymal cells (multipotent stem cells)
differentiate and begin to lay down bone around themselves,
forming early spicules.

60
Q

Stages in intramembranous bone development

A

Occurs within a connective tissue membrane
Ø Begins with migration of mesenchymal stem cell which to the site
of bone formation and differentiate into osteoblasts
Ø Osteoblasts are clustered together in centers of ossification
Ø Osteoblasts secrete matrix material and collagenous fibrils
(ground substance or osteod)
Ø Mineralization occurs-(calcium and phosphate) the organic
strands once mineralized are called trabecula (little beam)

61
Q

Endochondrial bone development

A

Most bones begin as a cartilage
model, with bone formation
spreading essentially from the
center to the ends
• Mesenchymal stem cell migrate to the site of
eventual bone development
• These cell are induced to become chondrocytes
(cartilage cells)
• Chondrocytes differentiate into very dense
avascular mass
• Cartilage forms in the shape of the bone

62
Q

What happens after cartilage model of the bone is developed is long bone developement

A 
ØThe cartilage is surrounded by
periosteum (envelope of
connective tissue) develops and
enlarges
Ø Osteoblasts which differentiate
from the inner surface of the
periosteum produce a collar of
bone
ØPrimary ossification center
forms
ØBlood vessel enters the cartilage
at the midpoint of the diaphysis
ØBone grows in
length as
endochondral
ossification
progresses from
the diaphysis
toward each
epiphysis
ØEpiphyseal plate
remains between
diaphysis and each
epiphysis until bone
growth in length is
complete
63
Q

Epiphyseal plate is composed of ___

A

4 layers:

  • Zone of resting cartilage
  • Zone of proliferation
  • Zone of hypertrophy
  • Zone of calcification
64
Q

Epiphyseal plate allows long bones to grow in

A

Length

65
Q

Bones grow in diameter by the

combined action of ___

A

osteoclasts
and osteoblasts

Osteoclasts enlarge the diameter
of the medullary cavity
• Osteoblasts from the periosteum
build new bone around the
outside of the bone
66
Q

Symptoms of osteoporosis

A

fractures of the vertebrae, wrists or
hips, lower back pain, neck pain, bone pain or
tenderness, loss of height over time, or stooped
posture.

67
Q

Treatment for osteoporosis

A

use of drugs such, raloxifene (It has estrogenic effects in bone), and calcitonin or
through estrogen replacement therapy.
• Another recommended treatment for osteoporosis is
exercise. Studies show that exercise can cause an
increase in bone density

68
Q

Detailed role of estrogen in bones

A

Estrogen acts on osteoblast to stimulates the production of TGF-beta,
• TGF-β causes the osteoblast cells to make osteoprotegerin (OPG)
• OPG binds to RANKL and prevents it from binding to the RANK receptors on the
preosteoclasts. This prevents them from becoming osteoclasts and thus limits
bone resorption.
• When there are low levels of estrogen, the levels of OPG decline, leaving
RANKL to bind to RANK receptor and allowing differentiation of osteoclasts to
proceed and bone resorption increases

69
Q

Spongy bonds looks the same as

A

compact inside trabeculae, but they are not so highly structured, no osteones

Mam Physiology (16 decks)

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