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Mam Physiology > Lab-blood > Flashcards

Lab-blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is made up from

A

Of plasma which is fluid matrix in which the formed elements, the blood cells, are suspended

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2
Q

Plasma consists of

A

90% water in which 10% of nutrients, gases, hormones, metabolites, proteins and minerals are dissolved or suspended

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3
Q

Formed elements consist of ___ and their fucntion

A

Erythrocytes or red blood cells(gas transport)

Leucocytes or WBC-part of the immune system

Thrombocytes or platelets-hemostasis or coagualtion

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4
Q

What is a sedimentation rate

A

the rate at which the erythrocytes sink to the bottom of a test tube

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5
Q

Sedimentation rate in calculated in

A

mm/hr

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6
Q

Sedimentation rate is ___ test

A

Non-specific

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7
Q

Sedimentation rate is affected

A

the agglutination of red blood cells and the plasma proteins. The sedimentation rate is also affected by the presence of disease in an individual.

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8
Q

How diseases will change sedimentation rate

A

The rate is increased in acute general infections, malignancy, arthritis, anemia and also pregnancy.

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9
Q

Human ESR for males and females

A

0-15mm/hr for males and

0-20mm/hr for females.

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10
Q

Concentration of RBC in blood sample can be used as

A

a diagnostic test to determine if an animal is dehydrated or anemic.

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11
Q

How to determine RBC indirectly

A

centrifuging a blood sample to separate the cells and plasma and determining the packed cell volume (PCV) as a percentage of the total volume.

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12
Q

What is hematocrit

A

quick method of determining red blood cell concentration.

Percentage of packed volume cells to the total volume

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13
Q

Procedure for hematocrit

A

-Fill a hematocrit tube 3/4 full of cow blood.

Seal the end with a plug of critoseal.

Centrifuge the sample for exactly 10 minutes.

Determine the packed cell volume as a percentage of the total volume using the hematocrit reader.

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14
Q

RBC’s membrane is permeable and impermeable to

A

permeable to water molecules and relatively impermeable to many ions such as Na and Cl ions.

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15
Q

What are hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions

A

Solutions which are lower in solute concentration than the cytoplasm are called hypotonic. Solutions which are more concentrated are hypertonic, while solutions with the same concentration are isotonic

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16
Q

Clotting mechanism involves

A

complex series of reactions which convert the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to the insoluble protein fibrin.

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17
Q

What happens during clotting

A

Strands of fibrin form a dense network in which red blood cells become trapped. The clot serves as a plug in the injured blood vessel until the damaged tissue is repaired and the clot is broken down by the enzyme plasmin.

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18
Q

How coagulation can be prevented

A

Since calcium ions are a required element in the clotting mechanism, coagulation can be prevented by adding a substance which binds calcium ions.

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19
Q

Name anti-coagulants that work through binding to Ca

A

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

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20
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

phagocytosis (bacteria & cellular debris); very important in inflammation

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21
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

help break down blood clots & kill parasites

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22
Q

Basophils function

A

synthesize & store histamine (a substance released during inflammation) & heparin (an anticoagulant); functions(s) remain unclear

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23
Q

Function of Monocytes

A

phagocytosis (typically as macrophages in tissues of the liver, spleen, lungs, & lymph nodes)

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24
Q

Lymphocytes function

A

immune response (including production of antibodies)

25
Q

where leukocytes are produced

A

in the bone marrow and lymph tissue

26
Q

Common ratio of leukocytes in the blood

A 
Neutrophils 62%
Lymphocytes 30%
Monocytes 5.3%
Eosinophils 2.3%
Basophils 0.4%
27
Q

How many plasma and formed elements are in the blood

A

55% plasma

45% formed elements

28
Q

in 10% of plasma solids are 8% of ___ and 2 % ___

A

8% of proteins

2% electrolytes

29
Q

What are electrolytes in the blood plasma

A

Salts,Ca (clotting factor 4),lipids, glucose

30
Q

How many clotting factors are there and what is clotting factor number 1

A

12 clotting factors

Fibrinogen

31
Q

Proteins that are in plasma, their role and percentage

A 
Albumins (
55%maintains fluid
balance in body)
Globulins
(38% transport
ions,hormones,lipids immune
functions)
Fibrinogen (F1)
Other clotting factors
32
Q

RBC has no ___

A

Nucleus

33
Q

Platelet-rich plasma preparation

A

anti coagulated whole blood->soft centrifugation-> RBCs and platelet-rich plasma-

platelet-rich plasma->hard centrifugation->platelet concentrate and plasma

34
Q

Buffy-coat preparation

A

anti coagulated whole blood-> hard centrifugation->plasma,buffy coat, RBCs

Buffy coat undergoes soft centrifugation->platelet concentrate, white cells and residual

35
Q

Sedimentation rate is sometimes used for

A

sometimes used to determine whether a condition causing
inflammation is present. Certain proteins (blood group antigens) cover red cells,
these will stick to each other and cause the red cells to fall more quickly. So, a high ESR
indicates that you have some inflammation, somewhere in the body.

36
Q

What happens to sedimentation rate during pregancy

A

during pregnancy sedimentation rate is altered (increases) because
blood volume is higher.

Blood volume increases to about 50% more than before pregnancy. However this amount varies from woman to
woman. This is important as it is designed to meet the demands of the growing uterus. This increase does not
include the blood in the embryo whose circulation is separate. The increase is also a safeguard when blood is lost
during labor and delivery. Red blood cells and plasma (composition of blood) both increase during pregnancy; plasma
increases more. The increase in red blood cells increases your body’s demand for iron. The increase in plasma can
cause anemia.

37
Q

Other name for hematocrit

A

PCV- packed cell volume

38
Q

Hematocrit is

A

separate blood.” When the patient’s blood sample is spun in a
centrifuge, the white blood cells and platelets rise to the top in what
is known as the “ buffy coat.” The heavier red blood cells sink to the
bottom, where they can be calculated as a percentage of the total
blood sample.

39
Q

Normal hematocrit values for humans

A 
Newborn: up to 60%
•
Adults: (males): 40 54%
•
•(Females): 36 46%
•
Pregnancy: decreased hematocrit especially in the last
trimester as plasma volume increases
•
Children: varies with age
40
Q

Normal PCV for cows

A

Cow

24 48%

41
Q

Process of coagulation

A

The process is initiated by blood platelets . Platelets
produce a substance that combines with calcium ions in
the blood to form thromboplastin , which in turn converts
the protein prothrombin into thrombin in a complex
series of reactions. Thrombin, a proteolytic enzyme cleave
peptide bonds in proteins) converts fibrinogen , a protein
substance, into fibrin , an insoluble protein that forms an
intricate network of minute threadlike structures called
fibrils and causes the blood plasma to gel . The blood cells
and plasma are enmeshed in the network of fibrils to
form the clot

42
Q

Conditions associated with abnormal number of platelets

A

High numbers->essential thrombocythemia->stroke, heart attack
Low numbers->haemophilia (viral infections, genetics, chemotherapy,leukemia)

43
Q

Where platelets are produced and their life range

A

7 days, produced in bone marrow

44
Q

Normal platelet count in humans

A

Human: normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets
per microliter of blood.

45
Q

Units of sedimentation rate

A

mm/hr ( read the measurement after 1 hour)

46
Q

Hhow WBCs can be subdivided into 2 different groups

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are collectively
known as granulocytes (produced from bone marrow)
due to prominent granules in their cytoplasm.

Lymphocytes and monocytes are classed as white blood
cells ( agranulocytes because they are a constituent of
blood and ultimately originate from the bone marrow.
However they are mainly found in structures such as the
lymph nodes and the spleen.

47
Q

2 different types of lymphocyte

A 
-
B cells make antibodies
-
T cells are the main index to identify the individual's
immune system integrity.
48
Q

Monocyte function as macrophage in

A

in liver, spleen, lungs, lymph nodes

49
Q

Isotonic solution concentration

A

0,85 isotonic

50
Q

What is the name for specific solution used in surgery

A

Ringer’s lactate

51
Q

What is happening with the cells in hypotonic and hypertonic solutions

A

Hypotonic-hemolysis

Hypertonic-crenation

52
Q

For what analysis serum,plasma, Whole blood are used

A 
Serum:
Cholesterol
Vitamin B
Proteins
Antibodies

Plasma:
Glucose,hormones, clotting factors (fibrinogen)

whole blood: Counting RBCs, WBCs, hemoglobin

53
Q

Difference between clotting and test tube

A

Glass absorbs heat faster and transfers it faster

54
Q

Why males have higher sedimention rate

A

They need more RBCs, because of their bigger muscle mass

55
Q

Serum is

A

Blood, minus plasma and minus fibronogen

56
Q

Different color colored tubes

A

Heparin-green
Red- nothing
Violet- EDTA ( anticoagulant)

57
Q

Difference between violet and red cup when spinned

A

red- top serum, in the bottom clot

Violet- top plasma, bottom formed elements

58
Q

Normal sedimentation rate for humans

A

0-15 mm.hr ->men

0-20 mm/hr for females

59
Q

Sedimentation rate for cows

A

30 minutes 60 minutes

Cattle 0 0

Mam Physiology (16 decks)

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