Lab-blood Flashcards
Blood is made up from
Of plasma which is fluid matrix in which the formed elements, the blood cells, are suspended
Plasma consists of
90% water in which 10% of nutrients, gases, hormones, metabolites, proteins and minerals are dissolved or suspended
Formed elements consist of ___ and their fucntion
Erythrocytes or red blood cells(gas transport)
Leucocytes or WBC-part of the immune system
Thrombocytes or platelets-hemostasis or coagualtion
What is a sedimentation rate
the rate at which the erythrocytes sink to the bottom of a test tube
Sedimentation rate in calculated in
mm/hr
Sedimentation rate is ___ test
Non-specific
Sedimentation rate is affected
the agglutination of red blood cells and the plasma proteins. The sedimentation rate is also affected by the presence of disease in an individual.
How diseases will change sedimentation rate
The rate is increased in acute general infections, malignancy, arthritis, anemia and also pregnancy.
Human ESR for males and females
0-15mm/hr for males and
0-20mm/hr for females.
Concentration of RBC in blood sample can be used as
a diagnostic test to determine if an animal is dehydrated or anemic.
How to determine RBC indirectly
centrifuging a blood sample to separate the cells and plasma and determining the packed cell volume (PCV) as a percentage of the total volume.
What is hematocrit
quick method of determining red blood cell concentration.
Percentage of packed volume cells to the total volume
Procedure for hematocrit
-Fill a hematocrit tube 3/4 full of cow blood.
Seal the end with a plug of critoseal.
Centrifuge the sample for exactly 10 minutes.
Determine the packed cell volume as a percentage of the total volume using the hematocrit reader.
RBC’s membrane is permeable and impermeable to
permeable to water molecules and relatively impermeable to many ions such as Na and Cl ions.
What are hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions
Solutions which are lower in solute concentration than the cytoplasm are called hypotonic. Solutions which are more concentrated are hypertonic, while solutions with the same concentration are isotonic
Clotting mechanism involves
complex series of reactions which convert the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to the insoluble protein fibrin.
What happens during clotting
Strands of fibrin form a dense network in which red blood cells become trapped. The clot serves as a plug in the injured blood vessel until the damaged tissue is repaired and the clot is broken down by the enzyme plasmin.
How coagulation can be prevented
Since calcium ions are a required element in the clotting mechanism, coagulation can be prevented by adding a substance which binds calcium ions.
Name anti-coagulants that work through binding to Ca
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
Function of neutrophils
phagocytosis (bacteria & cellular debris); very important in inflammation
Function of eosinophils
help break down blood clots & kill parasites
Basophils function
synthesize & store histamine (a substance released during inflammation) & heparin (an anticoagulant); functions(s) remain unclear
Function of Monocytes
phagocytosis (typically as macrophages in tissues of the liver, spleen, lungs, & lymph nodes)
Lymphocytes function
immune response (including production of antibodies)
where leukocytes are produced
in the bone marrow and lymph tissue
Common ratio of leukocytes in the blood
Neutrophils 62% Lymphocytes 30% Monocytes 5.3% Eosinophils 2.3% Basophils 0.4%
How many plasma and formed elements are in the blood
55% plasma
45% formed elements
in 10% of plasma solids are 8% of ___ and 2 % ___
8% of proteins
2% electrolytes
What are electrolytes in the blood plasma
Salts,Ca (clotting factor 4),lipids, glucose
How many clotting factors are there and what is clotting factor number 1
12 clotting factors
Fibrinogen
Proteins that are in plasma, their role and percentage
Albumins ( 55%maintains fluid balance in body) Globulins (38% transport ions,hormones,lipids immune functions) Fibrinogen (F1) Other clotting factors
RBC has no ___
Nucleus
Platelet-rich plasma preparation
anti coagulated whole blood->soft centrifugation-> RBCs and platelet-rich plasma-
platelet-rich plasma->hard centrifugation->platelet concentrate and plasma
Buffy-coat preparation
anti coagulated whole blood-> hard centrifugation->plasma,buffy coat, RBCs
Buffy coat undergoes soft centrifugation->platelet concentrate, white cells and residual
Sedimentation rate is sometimes used for
sometimes used to determine whether a condition causing
inflammation is present. Certain proteins (blood group antigens) cover red cells,
these will stick to each other and cause the red cells to fall more quickly. So, a high ESR
indicates that you have some inflammation, somewhere in the body.
What happens to sedimentation rate during pregancy
during pregnancy sedimentation rate is altered (increases) because
blood volume is higher.
Blood volume increases to about 50% more than before pregnancy. However this amount varies from woman to
woman. This is important as it is designed to meet the demands of the growing uterus. This increase does not
include the blood in the embryo whose circulation is separate. The increase is also a safeguard when blood is lost
during labor and delivery. Red blood cells and plasma (composition of blood) both increase during pregnancy; plasma
increases more. The increase in red blood cells increases your body’s demand for iron. The increase in plasma can
cause anemia.
Other name for hematocrit
PCV- packed cell volume
Hematocrit is
separate blood.” When the patient’s blood sample is spun in a
centrifuge, the white blood cells and platelets rise to the top in what
is known as the “ buffy coat.” The heavier red blood cells sink to the
bottom, where they can be calculated as a percentage of the total
blood sample.
Normal hematocrit values for humans
Newborn: up to 60% • Adults: (males): 40 54% • •(Females): 36 46% • Pregnancy: decreased hematocrit especially in the last trimester as plasma volume increases • Children: varies with age
Normal PCV for cows
Cow
24 48%
Process of coagulation
The process is initiated by blood platelets . Platelets
produce a substance that combines with calcium ions in
the blood to form thromboplastin , which in turn converts
the protein prothrombin into thrombin in a complex
series of reactions. Thrombin, a proteolytic enzyme cleave
peptide bonds in proteins) converts fibrinogen , a protein
substance, into fibrin , an insoluble protein that forms an
intricate network of minute threadlike structures called
fibrils and causes the blood plasma to gel . The blood cells
and plasma are enmeshed in the network of fibrils to
form the clot
Conditions associated with abnormal number of platelets
High numbers->essential thrombocythemia->stroke, heart attack
Low numbers->haemophilia (viral infections, genetics, chemotherapy,leukemia)
Where platelets are produced and their life range
7 days, produced in bone marrow
Normal platelet count in humans
Human: normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets
per microliter of blood.
Units of sedimentation rate
mm/hr ( read the measurement after 1 hour)
Hhow WBCs can be subdivided into 2 different groups
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are collectively
known as granulocytes (produced from bone marrow)
due to prominent granules in their cytoplasm.
Lymphocytes and monocytes are classed as white blood
cells ( agranulocytes because they are a constituent of
blood and ultimately originate from the bone marrow.
However they are mainly found in structures such as the
lymph nodes and the spleen.
2 different types of lymphocyte
- B cells make antibodies - T cells are the main index to identify the individual's immune system integrity.
Monocyte function as macrophage in
in liver, spleen, lungs, lymph nodes
Isotonic solution concentration
0,85 isotonic
What is the name for specific solution used in surgery
Ringer’s lactate
What is happening with the cells in hypotonic and hypertonic solutions
Hypotonic-hemolysis
Hypertonic-crenation
For what analysis serum,plasma, Whole blood are used
Serum: Cholesterol Vitamin B Proteins Antibodies
Plasma:
Glucose,hormones, clotting factors (fibrinogen)
whole blood: Counting RBCs, WBCs, hemoglobin
Difference between clotting and test tube
Glass absorbs heat faster and transfers it faster
Why males have higher sedimention rate
They need more RBCs, because of their bigger muscle mass
Serum is
Blood, minus plasma and minus fibronogen
Different color colored tubes
Heparin-green
Red- nothing
Violet- EDTA ( anticoagulant)
Difference between violet and red cup when spinned
red- top serum, in the bottom clot
Violet- top plasma, bottom formed elements
Normal sedimentation rate for humans
0-15 mm.hr ->men
0-20 mm/hr for females
Sedimentation rate for cows
30 minutes 60 minutes
Cattle 0 0
