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Mam Physiology > Slide set 2 > Flashcards

Slide set 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of proteins

A

Form enzymes: control synthesis and
breakdown
- Form transport proteins and pores in the PM
and in organelle membranes: regulate
movement
- Form the structural skeleton of cells and
tissues

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2
Q

What keeps genes inactive

A

Genes are tightly coiled with histones

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3
Q

Two stages of of protein synthesis

A

DNA->RNA - transcription

RNA->protein-translation

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4
Q

Rosalind Franklin discovered helix structure in

A

1953

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5
Q

Nucleosome is

A

A block of DNA coiled around histones . Nucelosome is repeated to make chromatin

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6
Q

Name of 4 histones in nucleosome

A

H2A
H2B
H3
H4

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7
Q

What is an enzyme that copies DNA

A

RNA polymerase

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8
Q

DNA is unwound by ___ during transcription

A

DNA helicase

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9
Q

What initiates transcription

A

RNAa polymerase and TFs that bind to the promoter sequence

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10
Q

Two types of TFs

A

-if they can activate specific genes they are called
gene-specific transcription factors ex estrogen
receptor =estrogen target gene specific
• Transcription factors that are required to activate all
genes are called general transcription factors.

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11
Q

What mice are infertile

A

CREM null

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12
Q

Exons vs introns

A

Exons-expressed (exit the nucleus)

Introns- non-coding regions

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13
Q

epigenetic mechanisms are affected by

A 
Developement (childhood, in utro)
Environemntal chemicals
Drugs/Pharmaceuticals
Aging
Diet
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14
Q

DNA methylation result in

A

Inactivating the gene

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15
Q

What are housekeeping genes

A

That are always expressed

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16
Q

Two types of channels that create a water-filled pore

A

Open channels

Gated channels

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17
Q

Types of proteins that never form an open channel between the two sides of the membrane

A

Uniport

Cotransporter (symport or antiport)

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18
Q

What do cell pumps do

A

Mmebrane transporters that move a substance against its concentration gradient-the opposite of diffusion

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19
Q

What does transport by vesicles allow

A

Allows substances to enter or leave the interior of a cell without actually moving through its plasma membrane

20
Q

What is osmotic equilibrium

A

the fluid concentrations are equal on the two sides of the

cell membrane.

21
Q

What is electrical disquilibrium

A

the inside of cells is slightly negative relative

to the extracellular fluid.

22
Q

What ions are more present in extracellular than in intracellular

A

HCO3-, Na,Cl,Ca -extracellular fluid

K-more present inside the cell

23
Q

Difference between primary and secondary active transport

A

Primary active transport directly uses a source of chemical energy (e.g., ATP) to move molecules across a membrane against their gradient.

The electrochemical gradients set up by primary active transport store energy, which can be released as the ions move back down their gradients. (Sodium-glucose co-transporter)

24
Q

Three properties that exhibit carrier-mediated transport

A

Specificity
Competition
Saturation

25
What happens to the many macromolecules that are too large to enter or leave cells through protein channels
Vesicle transport
26
What is phagocytosis
is the actin-mediated process by which a cell engulfs a bacterium or other particle into a large membranebound vesicle called a phagosome, later phagosome fuses with lysosome, requires ATP Happens in certain types of WBSc
27
Difference between endocytosis and phagocytosis
First, in endocytosis the membrane surface indents rather than pushes out. Second, the vesicles formed from endocytosis are much smaller. In addition, some endocytosis is constitutive; that is, it is an essential function that is always taking place. In contrast, phagocytosis must be triggered by the presence of a substance to be ingested.
28
Pinocytosis is ___ type of transport
nonselective
29
Receptor-mediated endocytosis takes place in
Regions of cell membrane called coated pits
30
The most common protein found in coated pits is
Clathrin
31
Some endocytosis uses small flask-shaped indentations called ____
Caveolae , membrane regions with lipid rafts, membrane receptor proteins and specialized membrane proteins -caveolins and cavins
32
Ensocytosis is used for
Export of proteins synthesized inside the cell and to get rid of waste
33
How endocytosis occur
enclosed in membranous vesicles, pulled by the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane, where the contents are released
34
4 classes of membrane proteins
membrane transporters Structural proteins Membrane enzymes Membrane receptors
35
3 types of gated channels
Mechanically gated Voltage-gated Chemically gated
36
What is apical membrane
The surface of the epithelial cell that | faces the lumen of an organ, also called mucosal membrane
37
What is basolateral membrane
the three | surfaces of the cell that face the extracellular fluid, also called serosal
38
Transporting epithelial is said to be ____ because of different properties
Polarized
39
Na-K-ATPase is usually only found on __ and Na-gluvose symporter SGLT are restricted to ___
Apical membrane | The basolateral membrane
40
What is absorption
Transport of material from the lumen of an organ to the extracellular fluid
41
two types of movement across an epithelium and its characteristics
paracellular transport through the junctions between adjacent cells or as transcellular transport through the epithelial cells themselves
42
Epethilia can be either ___ (like capillaries) or ___ (like in kidney)
Leaky | Tight
43
Transporting epithelium __ (whata does it do)
Selectively regulates exchange of ions and nutrients
44
Characteristic of transporting epithelia
Thicker, membrane modification (microvili), cell junctions, mitochondria
45
What is transcytosis
a combination of endocytosis, vesicular transport across the cell, and exocytosis
46
Explain transcytosis
the molecule is brought into the epithelial cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis. The resulting vesicle attaches to microtubules in the cell’s cytoskeleton and is moved across the cell by a process known as vesicular transport. At the opposite side of the epithelium, the contents of the vesicle are expelled into the interstitial fluid by exocytosis.
47
What is absorbed by means of transcytosis
infants absorb maternal antibodies in breast milk

Mam Physiology (16 decks)

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