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Mam Physiology > Slide set 2 > Flashcards

Slide set 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of proteins

A

Form enzymes: control synthesis and
breakdown
- Form transport proteins and pores in the PM
and in organelle membranes: regulate
movement
- Form the structural skeleton of cells and
tissues

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2
Q

What keeps genes inactive

A

Genes are tightly coiled with histones

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3
Q

Two stages of of protein synthesis

A

DNA->RNA - transcription

RNA->protein-translation

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4
Q

Rosalind Franklin discovered helix structure in

A

1953

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5
Q

Nucleosome is

A

A block of DNA coiled around histones . Nucelosome is repeated to make chromatin

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6
Q

Name of 4 histones in nucleosome

A

H2A
H2B
H3
H4

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7
Q

What is an enzyme that copies DNA

A

RNA polymerase

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8
Q

DNA is unwound by ___ during transcription

A

DNA helicase

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9
Q

What initiates transcription

A

RNAa polymerase and TFs that bind to the promoter sequence

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10
Q

Two types of TFs

A

-if they can activate specific genes they are called
gene-specific transcription factors ex estrogen
receptor =estrogen target gene specific
• Transcription factors that are required to activate all
genes are called general transcription factors.

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11
Q

What mice are infertile

A

CREM null

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12
Q

Exons vs introns

A

Exons-expressed (exit the nucleus)

Introns- non-coding regions

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13
Q

epigenetic mechanisms are affected by

A 
Developement (childhood, in utro)
Environemntal chemicals
Drugs/Pharmaceuticals
Aging
Diet
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14
Q

DNA methylation result in

A

Inactivating the gene

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15
Q

What are housekeeping genes

A

That are always expressed

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16
Q

Two types of channels that create a water-filled pore

A

Open channels

Gated channels

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17
Q

Types of proteins that never form an open channel between the two sides of the membrane

A

Uniport

Cotransporter (symport or antiport)

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18
Q

What do cell pumps do

A

Mmebrane transporters that move a substance against its concentration gradient-the opposite of diffusion

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19
Q

What does transport by vesicles allow

A

Allows substances to enter or leave the interior of a cell without actually moving through its plasma membrane

20
Q

What is osmotic equilibrium

A

the fluid concentrations are equal on the two sides of the

cell membrane.

21
Q

What is electrical disquilibrium

A

the inside of cells is slightly negative relative

to the extracellular fluid.

22
Q

What ions are more present in extracellular than in intracellular

A

HCO3-, Na,Cl,Ca -extracellular fluid

K-more present inside the cell

23
Q

Difference between primary and secondary active transport

A

Primary active transport directly uses a source of chemical energy (e.g., ATP) to move molecules across a membrane against their gradient.

The electrochemical gradients set up by primary active transport store energy, which can be released as the ions move back down their gradients. (Sodium-glucose co-transporter)

24
Q

Three properties that exhibit carrier-mediated transport

A

Specificity
Competition
Saturation

25
Q

What happens to the many macromolecules that are too large to enter or leave cells through protein channels

A

Vesicle transport

26
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

is the actin-mediated process by which a cell
engulfs a bacterium or other particle into a large membranebound
vesicle called a phagosome, later phagosome fuses with lysosome, requires ATP

Happens in certain types of WBSc

27
Q

Difference between endocytosis and phagocytosis

A

First, in endocytosis the membrane surface indents rather
than pushes out. Second, the vesicles formed from endocytosis
are much smaller. In addition, some endocytosis is constitutive;
that is, it is an essential function that is always taking place. In
contrast, phagocytosis must be triggered by the presence of a substance
to be ingested.

28
Q

Pinocytosis is ___ type of transport

A

nonselective

29
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis takes place in

A

Regions of cell membrane called coated pits

30
Q

The most common protein found in coated pits is

A

Clathrin

31
Q

Some endocytosis uses small flask-shaped indentations called ____

A

Caveolae , membrane regions with lipid rafts, membrane receptor proteins and specialized membrane proteins -caveolins and cavins

32
Q

Ensocytosis is used for

A

Export of proteins synthesized inside the cell and to get rid of waste

33
Q

How endocytosis occur

A

enclosed in membranous vesicles, pulled by the
cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane, where
the contents are released

34
Q

4 classes of membrane proteins

A

membrane transporters
Structural proteins
Membrane enzymes
Membrane receptors

35
Q

3 types of gated channels

A

Mechanically gated
Voltage-gated
Chemically gated

36
Q

What is apical membrane

A

The surface of the epithelial cell that

faces the lumen of an organ, also called mucosal membrane

37
Q

What is basolateral membrane

A

the three

surfaces of the cell that face the extracellular fluid, also called serosal

38
Q

Transporting epithelial is said to be ____ because of different properties

A

Polarized

39
Q

Na-K-ATPase is usually only found on __ and Na-gluvose symporter SGLT are restricted to ___

A

Apical membrane

The basolateral membrane

40
Q

What is absorption

A

Transport of material from the lumen of an organ to the extracellular
fluid

41
Q

two types of movement across an epithelium and its characteristics

A

paracellular transport
through the junctions between adjacent cells or as transcellular
transport through the epithelial cells themselves

42
Q

Epethilia can be either ___ (like capillaries) or ___ (like in kidney)

A

Leaky

Tight

43
Q

Transporting epithelium __ (whata does it do)

A

Selectively regulates exchange of ions and nutrients

44
Q

Characteristic of transporting epithelia

A

Thicker, membrane modification (microvili), cell junctions, mitochondria

45
Q

What is transcytosis

A

a combination of endocytosis,
vesicular
transport across the cell, and exocytosis

46
Q

Explain transcytosis

A

the molecule is brought into the epithelial cell via
receptor-mediated endocytosis. The resulting vesicle attaches to
microtubules in the cell’s cytoskeleton and is moved across the
cell by a process known as vesicular transport. At the opposite
side of the epithelium, the contents of the vesicle are expelled
into the interstitial fluid by exocytosis.

47
Q

What is absorbed by means of transcytosis

A

infants absorb maternal antibodies in breast milk

Mam Physiology (16 decks)

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