slide 3, lecture Flashcards
the function of obtaining and using energy (nutrients and food)
metabolism, this includes all catabolic and anabolic reactions
metabolism is one of the ________ of life
definers
all living organisms must obtain, synthesize and use energy
animals sustain themselves by borrowing free energy from the environment, this is called
metabolism
free energy is
- energy available for doing work
- energy in food, solar energy, chemical bonds, kinetic energy in moving water, etc
the laws of thermodynamics says
all organisms exchange energy and matter with their surroundings
the 1st law of thermodynamics says
energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another
the 2nd law of thermodynamics says
- every energy transformation increased the entropy of the universe, some energy becomes unusable (ex-heat)
- energy transformation are never 100% efficient and some energy is lost as heat (ex - heat production during exercise)
entropy - broadly : the degree of disorder or uncertainty in a system
Aerobic cellular respiration chemical formula
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy
enzyme function
proteins that catalyze reactions without affecting products of the reaction and without being destroyed by the reaction
______ are proteins that catalyze reactions
enzymes
_______ are chemical substances that accelerate reaction without affecting products of the reaction and without being destroyed by the reaction
enzymes
______ only affect rate of reaction, they don’t affect amount of free energy in reaction
enzymes
coenzymes function
- do the work of enzymes, but are not proteins
- such as: niacin (vitamin B3), riboflavin (vitamin B2), Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD), and Flavin Adenin Dinucleotide (FAD)
oxidative phosphorylation is
ATP synthesis
the electron transport chain (ETC) is located in
the mitochondria
in the metabolism of lipids, hydrolysis of lipid yields _______ and 3 _______ _______
- glycerol
- 3 fatty acids
in the metabolism of lipids, glycerol is ________ and enters ________
- phosphorylated
- glycolysis
in the metabolism of lipids, fatty acids oxidized to form __________ which then enters Krebs cycle then ETC (electron transport chain)
Acetyl CoA
in the metabolism of lipids there are about ____ total of ATP per lipid
460
in the metabolism of lipids, _______ are more concentrated forms of energy, and contain more H
fats
the breaking down of proteins into amino acids is called the
metabolism of protein
in the metabolism of protein, deamination removes nitrogten, and creates _______ and _______ acid
- ammonia
- keto acid
ammonia detoxified into urea, filtered and removed via renal system
ammonia detoxified into uria and is then filtered and removed via the
renal system
ATP stands for
Adenosine Triphosphate
what is the aerobic cellular respiration function
to make ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
3 steps in Aerobic Cellular Respiration
- glycolysis
- krebs cycle
- electron transport chain
what is aerobic cellular respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)
define cytosol
intercellular fluid found in the cytoplasm, does not contain organelles (cytoplasm does)
where does glycolysis happen
cytosol
the process of ________, splits 6c sugar into 3c sugar (3c=2 pyruvate)
glycolysis
each 3c sugar in glycolysis oxidizes to form ____________
2 pyruvate
what is the energy gain from glycolysis in aerobic cellular respiration
Energy gain:
2 Pyruvate (fuels Krebs cycle)
2 ATP (fuels Krebs cycle)
2 NADH (fuels Electron Transport Chain)
krebs cycle in aerobic cellular respiration happens in the
in the mitochondrial matrix
each pyruvate from glycolysis oxidizes to form _______, which will then fuel the krebs cycle
Acetyl CoA
Energy gain from the krebs cycle
Energy gain:
- 2 ATP
- 8 NADH (fuels Electron Transport Chain)
- 2 FADH2 (fuels Electron Transport Chain)
the electron transport chain, used in aerobic cellular respiration is located where
in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
what are the 2 types of aerobic cellular respiration
aerobic - with oxygen (more ATP ab 34 - 40 ATP per glucose molecule)
anaerobic - without oxygen (less ATP ab 2 per glucose molecule)
NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis and krebs cycle travel along the _________________________, to fuel the electron transport chain
inner mitochondrial membrane
from the process of aerobic cellular respiration, you get around _______ ATP
36 to 40 ATP
Oxidation of coenzymes NAD and FAD yield high concentration of extracellular H, H then moves down the concentration gradient through ATP synthase (a protein embedded in mitochondrial membrane), powering oxidative phosphorylation this part of aerobic cellular respiration happens in the
electron transport chain
ADP + P + free energy from flow of protons (from H) equals
ATP
what are the 2 types of anaerobic cellular respiration
- lactic acid fermentation
- alchohol fermentation
what problem occurs in anaerobic cellular respiration in the ETC
in the electron transport chain, NADH builds up
Anaerobic cellular respiration generates ________ ATP per glucose molecule
2
