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Bio > Lecture Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

when was life first seen on earth

A

3.8 billion years ago

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2
Q

who were the first two people to establish evolution as a powerful scientific theory

A

Charles Robert Darwin,

and

Alfred Russel Wallace

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3
Q

founders of evolution by natural selection are

A
  • Charles Robert Darwin (1809 - 1882)
  • Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 - 1913)
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4
Q

Pre-Darwinian Evolutionary ideas,
Early Greek philosophers; Xenophanes, Empedocles, and Aristotle all developed ideas

A

on evolutionary change and recognized fossils as evidence of former life 2500 years ago!

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5
Q

what is the key to understanding evolution

A

fossils

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6
Q

post Greek philosophers (who were starting to understand evolution via fossils), evolutionary thinking became restricted almost 2000 years ago due to

A
  • multiple view about the age of the Earth, mostly due to religious beliefs
  • James Ussher - began on 4004 BCE
  • George Louis Buffon - Earth is 70,000 years old (what and idiot)
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7
Q

who was Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744 to 1829)

A

Authored the 1st complete explanation of evolution in 1809 before Darwin

was mocked and shunned from society for his ideas

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8
Q

who authored the 1st complete explanation of evolution in 1809 before Darwin

A

Jean Babtiste de Lamarck (1744 - 1829)

  • made convincing case that fossils were the remains of extinct animals
  • proposed the mechanism - inheritance of acquired characteristics
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9
Q

Inheritance of acquired Characteristics

define Lamarckism

A

organisms strive to meet demands of the environment

  • acquire adaptations individually and then pass them on to offspring
  • individual organisms transform their characteristics to produce evolution

Lamarckism is NOT accepted now due to genetic studies showing that acquired traits of an organism are NOT passed on to offspring (example of giraffes and their long necks)

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10
Q

Darwinism VS Lamarckism

A

Darwin’s evolutionary theory differs from Lamarck’s

  • it is a variational, not a transformational theory
  • evolution occurs in a population and not an organism level
  • evolutionary change is caused by differential survival and reproduction among organisms with advantageous traits
  • Desirable traits slowly accumulate and get passed down through generations
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11
Q

who was Sir Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875)

A
  • Geologist who established the principle of uniformitarianism (changes in the Earth’s crust over time from continues processes)
  • His book, Principles of Geology, greatly influenced Darwins thoughts
  • Showed that natural forces acting over long periods of time can explain fossil bearing rocks
  • English geologist and friend of Darwin
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12
Q

define Lyell’s Uniformitarianism

Sir Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875)

A

Uniformitarianism encompasses two important principles that guide scientific study of the history of nature

  • Laws of physics and chemistry have not changed throughout Earth’s history
  • Past geological events occurred by natural process similar to those observed today
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13
Q

importance of Darwin’s Great Voyage of Discovery

A

Charles Robert Darwin (1809 - 1882)

  • presented the first credible explanation of evolutionary change
  • made extensive collections and observations on a 5 year voyage (1831 to 1836) aboard the H.M.S Beagle
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14
Q

Darwins journal - The Voyage of the Beagle - published 3 years after the Beagle’s return was significant in the way

A
  • it was an instant success and required two additional printings within the first year
  • Unearthed numerous fossils long extinct and noted the resemblance between Souther American fossils and the known fossils of North America

overall, The Voyage of the Beagle enabled Darwin to formulate his major ideas about the evolution of life

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15
Q

in 1858, Darwin received a manuscript from Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 to 1913), and English naturalist in Malaya that summarized

A

the main points of the natural selection theory on which Darwin had been working for two decades

  • Darwin published Wallace’s manuscript along with a statement of his own
  • Darwin followed by publishing On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859
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16
Q

Darwins main premise of evolution is

A

perpetual change

  • the world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling, but always changing with hereditary continuity from past to present
  • evidence by fossils - remnants of past life uncovered from the crust of the earth
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17
Q

many organisms leave no _________, so the _________ record is incomplete

A

fossils
fossil

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18
Q

the fossil record is biased because preservation is _________

A

selective

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19
Q

___________ skeletons and ____________ with shells provide more fossil records, unlike soft-bodied animals leave fossils only in _____________ conditions like the Burgess Shale of British Columbia

A

vertebrate,

invertebrates

exceptional conditions

vertebrates - humans
invertebrates - spiders, snails, butterflies, worms

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20
Q

fossils form in _________ layers, new deposits are on top of older material

A

stratified layers

in rare situations, the age of fossils is directly proportional to depth of the layers

21
Q

animals of the _________ period, approximately _____ million years ago,
as reconstructed from fossils preserved in the Burgess Shale

A

Cambrian period
505 million years ago

22
Q

________ or _______ fossils serve as indicators of specific geological periods and events

A

index or guide

23
Q

layers of fossils often tilt and crack, and can erode or be covered with new deposits from a different layer. Under heat and pressure, the rock becomes

A

metamorphic and the fossils are therefor destroyed

24
Q

oil comes from

A

foraminiferans

25
Q

Sedimentary rock layers form the basis of the law of

A

stratigraphy

  • dates oldest layers at the bottom and youngest at the top
26
Q

time is divided into:

A

eons, eras, period, and epochs

27
Q

radiometric dating methods for determining rocks’ age developed in the late

A

1940s

28
Q

radioactive decay of naturally occurring elements is independent of heat and pressure, commonly called -

A

radioactive clocks

29
Q

what are the two methods of radiometric dating

A

Potassium-Argon Dating

and

Rate of decay of uranium into lead

30
Q

explain how Potassium-Argon Dating works

A

Potassium-40 decays to argon-40 and calcium-40

half life of potassium-4- is 1.3 billion years

calculating the ratio of remaining potassium-40 to amount originally there provides close mathematical estimate of the age of rock deposit

31
Q

explain Rate of decay of Uranium into lead

A
  • one of the most useful radioactive clocks
  • can date age of rock layers on Earth
  • error is less than 1% over 2 billion year
32
Q

Sinosauropteryx is the first known

A

feathered dinosaur

  • it lived in China around 130 million years ago
33
Q

Caudipteryx had feathers just like

A

modern birds, even though it was not a bird

34
Q

what is the name of this organism and why is it special

A

Cassowary bird, one of the only living dinosaurs

(among other bird species)

35
Q

what did Darwin say about Common Descent

A

Darwin proposed that all plants and animals descended from a common ancestor

36
Q

life’s history forms a branching tree called a

A

phylogeny

  • all forms of life, including extinct branches, connect to this tree
  • the genealogies of all modern species can trace backward until they converge on ancestral lineages shared with other species, both living and extinct
  • phylogenetic research is successful at reconstructing the history of life
37
Q

What did Darwin think about homology

A

Darwin saw homology as major evidence for common descent

Richard Owen described homology as:
“the same organ in different organisms under every variety of form and function”.

38
Q

vertebrate limbs show the same basic structures modified

A

for different functions

39
Q

Every time a new feature arises on an evolving lineage, a new

A

homology forms

homology - (the state of having the same or similar relation, relative position, or structure.)

40
Q

homology gets transmitted to all descendant lineages, unless

A

it is subsequently lost

41
Q

Darwin devoted an entire book to the idea that humans share common descent with _____ called -

A

with apes,
called The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex

42
Q

Darwins central idea that apes and humans have a common ancestor was explained by

A

anatomical homologies

43
Q

Darwins idea that apes and humans have a close resemblance from a common descent was initially accepted by many people at the time, true or false

A

false

44
Q

phylogenetic reconstruction is defined as the pattern

A

formed by the sharing of homologies among species providing evidence for common descent and allows us to reconstruct the branching evolutionary history of life

45
Q

Phylogenetic Reconstruction

branches of the tree combine species into ___________ ____________ of smaller groups within larger groups

A

nested hierarchies

46
Q

Phylogenetic Reconstruction

Structural, Molecular, and chromosomal homologies are all combined to reconstruct ____________ _________

A

Evolutionary trees

47
Q

Ontogeny is the development of

A

an organism through its entire life

48
Q

Recapitulation (the biogenetic law) by ___________________ proposed that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

Later revised by

A

Ernest Haeckel

Later revised by K.E. von Baer who argued that early development were more widely shared among animal groups than later ones and can be affected by divergence

Bio (19 decks)

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