lecture, slide 4, genetics Flashcards
where does translation occur?
on ribosomes
The coding regions of pre-mRNA are called
exons
The process of using DNA to build RNA is
transcription
The process of using RNA to build proteins is
a. transcription b. replication c. synthesis d. translation
d. translation
adds amino acids to polypeptide chain by pairing anticodons to codons
tRNA
a sequence of 3 nucleotides found on mRNA
codon
unzips DNA strand during transcription
DNA helicase
reads DNA nucleotide sequence and adds complementary RNA nucleotides during transcription
RNA polymerase
the template from which proteins are made, contains all coding regions
mRNA
reads codons on strands of mRNA
ribosomes
genes provide instruction for
how to develop and function
genetic programming is the blueprint for ________ and ________
anatomy, physiology
genetics is one of the ________ concepts of biology, one of the _________ of life
unifying, definers
define genetics
study of genes, how they are transmitted, how they work
define gene
unit of hereditary function,
how information is stored, transferred, and translated
nucleotide sequence in DNA that provides instructions for RNA transcription, which when translated into proteins express a trait, this is also called a
gene
nucleotide sequence in DNA provides _______ transcription, which then translated into ________ that express a trait
RNA
protiens
what are the 4 macromolecules
- lipids
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- nucleic acids
example of a lipid
glycerol and fatty acids
example of carbohydrates
monosaccharides (ejemplo - glucose)
example of proteins
amino acids
example of nucleic acids
nucleotides A, T, G, C, U
what nucleotides pair together
adenine (A) and thymine (T)
guanine (G) and cytosine (C)
in RNA, it’s the same but
adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U)
what does DNA stand for
deoxyribonucleic acid
what does RNA stand for
ribonucleic acid
DNA contains a ____________ and _______________ sugar backbone
phosphate and deoxyribose
what nucleotides in DNA are purine (2 rings)
adenine and guanine
what nucleotides in DNA are pyrimidine (1 ring)
cytosine and thymine
DNA contains __________ while protein expresses them
genes
transcription is the process by which
RNA copies a pice of DNA resulting in mRNA (also called messenger RNA)
translation is the process by which
mRNA is converted into proteins by ribosomes
In transcription, DNA is RNA _______
template,
RNA can’t happen without the instructions (DNA)
In transcription, the DNA helicase function
unzips DNA strand
In transcription, RNA polymerase function
“reads” and adds complementary RNA nucleotides
In transcription, Introns are ________ regions
non-coding regions
In transcription, exons are _________ regions
coding regions
In translation, RNA is proteins __________
template
In translation, occurs in the ______
cytosol on ribosomes,
cytosol houses amino acid pool
In translation, mRNA (the blueprint) is protein _______
template
In translation, rRNA is referred to as “the ________” and is the main component of _________ which read _______
architect , ribosomes , codons
In translation, tRNA is referred to as the “____________”, who’s function is to pair ___________ that carry amino acids
the construction workers ,
pair anticodons
a growing amino acid chain makes a
polypeptide or protein
a homozygous gene means
there are identical alleles for that gene
heterozygous genes means
dissimilar alleles for that gene
for each trait (gene), an organism inherits _____ alleles
2 alleles, one for each parent = 2 alleles per gene
dominant allele determine the
phenotype
define phenotype
physical expression of genotype in any given environment
define locus
location of a gene on chomosome
homologous chromosomes
same structure, genes on same locus, but may have different alleles
define genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
label homozygous or heterozygous
homozygous - same alleles
heterozygous - differing alleles
define homologous
having the same relation, relative position, or structure,
but not necessarily the same function
(ex - a seal’s flipper is homologous with the human arm)
sex chromosomes for male and female are represented by
XX = female
XY = male
Y chromosomes don’t carry many ______, therefore genetic disorders are common in ______
genes, males
what is a genetic mutation
when the wrong nucleotide is inserted, changing the specified amino acid
mutations can be either good or bad
gametes are created through the process of ______
meiosis
sperm and egg cells (________) that transfer genetic information from parents to offspring (_________)
haploid, diploid
all cells (excluding gametes) are diploid and have _____ chromosomes, gametes are haploid and have ____ chromosomes
46 chromosomes,
23 chromosomes
define locus
(LOH-kus) The physical site or location of a specific gene on a chromosome.
