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Bio > lecture, slide 4, genetics > Flashcards

lecture, slide 4, genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where does translation occur?

A

on ribosomes

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2
Q

The coding regions of pre-mRNA are called

A

exons

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3
Q

The process of using DNA to build RNA is

A

transcription

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4
Q

The process of using RNA to build proteins is

a.	 transcription

b.	 replication

c.	 synthesis 

d.	 translation
A

d. translation

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5
Q

adds amino acids to polypeptide chain by pairing anticodons to codons

A

tRNA

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6
Q

a sequence of 3 nucleotides found on mRNA

A

codon

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7
Q

unzips DNA strand during transcription

A

DNA helicase

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8
Q

reads DNA nucleotide sequence and adds complementary RNA nucleotides during transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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9
Q

the template from which proteins are made, contains all coding regions

A

mRNA

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10
Q

reads codons on strands of mRNA

A

ribosomes

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11
Q

genes provide instruction for

A

how to develop and function

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12
Q

genetic programming is the blueprint for ________ and ________

A

anatomy, physiology

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13
Q

genetics is one of the ________ concepts of biology, one of the _________ of life

A

unifying, definers

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14
Q

define genetics

A

study of genes, how they are transmitted, how they work

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15
Q

define gene

A

unit of hereditary function,

how information is stored, transferred, and translated

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16
Q

nucleotide sequence in DNA that provides instructions for RNA transcription, which when translated into proteins express a trait, this is also called a

A

gene

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17
Q

nucleotide sequence in DNA provides _______ transcription, which then translated into ________ that express a trait

A

RNA

protiens

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18
Q

what are the 4 macromolecules

A
  • lipids
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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19
Q

example of a lipid

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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20
Q

example of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides (ejemplo - glucose)

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21
Q

example of proteins

A

amino acids

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22
Q

example of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides A, T, G, C, U

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23
Q

what nucleotides pair together

A

adenine (A) and thymine (T)

guanine (G) and cytosine (C)

in RNA, it’s the same but
adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U)

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24
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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25
Q

what does RNA stand for

A

ribonucleic acid

26
Q

DNA contains a ____________ and _______________ sugar backbone

A

phosphate and deoxyribose

27
Q

what nucleotides in DNA are purine (2 rings)

A

adenine and guanine

28
Q

what nucleotides in DNA are pyrimidine (1 ring)

A

cytosine and thymine

29
Q

DNA contains __________ while protein expresses them

A

genes

30
Q

transcription is the process by which

A

RNA copies a pice of DNA resulting in mRNA (also called messenger RNA)

31
Q

translation is the process by which

A

mRNA is converted into proteins by ribosomes

32
Q

In transcription, DNA is RNA _______

A

template,
RNA can’t happen without the instructions (DNA)

33
Q

In transcription, the DNA helicase function

A

unzips DNA strand

34
Q

In transcription, RNA polymerase function

A

“reads” and adds complementary RNA nucleotides

35
Q

In transcription, Introns are ________ regions

A

non-coding regions

36
Q

In transcription, exons are _________ regions

A

coding regions

37
Q

In translation, RNA is proteins __________

A

template

38
Q

In translation, occurs in the ______

A

cytosol on ribosomes,
cytosol houses amino acid pool

39
Q

In translation, mRNA (the blueprint) is protein _______

A

template

40
Q

In translation, rRNA is referred to as “the ________” and is the main component of _________ which read _______

A

architect , ribosomes , codons

41
Q

In translation, tRNA is referred to as the “____________”, who’s function is to pair ___________ that carry amino acids

A

the construction workers ,
pair anticodons

42
Q

a growing amino acid chain makes a

A

polypeptide or protein

43
Q
A
44
Q

a homozygous gene means

A

there are identical alleles for that gene

45
Q

heterozygous genes means

A

dissimilar alleles for that gene

46
Q

for each trait (gene), an organism inherits _____ alleles

A

2 alleles, one for each parent = 2 alleles per gene

47
Q

dominant allele determine the

A

phenotype

48
Q

define phenotype

A

physical expression of genotype in any given environment

49
Q

define locus

A

location of a gene on chomosome

50
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

same structure, genes on same locus, but may have different alleles

51
Q

define genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism

52
Q

label homozygous or heterozygous

A

homozygous - same alleles
heterozygous - differing alleles

53
Q

define homologous

A

having the same relation, relative position, or structure,

but not necessarily the same function
(ex - a seal’s flipper is homologous with the human arm)

54
Q

sex chromosomes for male and female are represented by

A

XX = female
XY = male

55
Q

Y chromosomes don’t carry many ______, therefore genetic disorders are common in ______

A

genes, males

56
Q

what is a genetic mutation

A

when the wrong nucleotide is inserted, changing the specified amino acid

mutations can be either good or bad

57
Q

gametes are created through the process of ______

A

meiosis

58
Q

sperm and egg cells (________) that transfer genetic information from parents to offspring (_________)

A

haploid, diploid

59
Q

all cells (excluding gametes) are diploid and have _____ chromosomes, gametes are haploid and have ____ chromosomes

A

46 chromosomes,
23 chromosomes

60
Q

define locus

A

(LOH-kus) The physical site or location of a specific gene on a chromosome.

Bio (19 decks)

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