lecture week 1/homework 1 Flashcards
What is the major difficulty in defining life?
Living and nonliving systems are likely to share characteristics.
The general feature of life known as reproduction includes
heredity and variation
What makes the molecules that characterize living things unique to living things?
1. Chemical bonds present
2. Atoms present
3. Large size
4. Complex structure
large size, complex structure
Heredity, variation, and organic evolution guide the study of
______ from the simplest forms to the most complex.
life, biology, or organisms
Possessing an ability to conduct basic functions such as reproduction, _____ are considered to be the smallest units of the biological hierarchy.
cells
name hierarchical organization in ascending order
macromolecules, cells, organisms, populations, species
While only living things reproduce, it is possible for material that could never have been considered living to
1. metabolize
2. contain DNA
3. replicate
replicate
What are the defining features of living systems?
chemical uniqueness
complexity
hierarchical organization
reproduction (heredity and variation)
genetic program
metabolism
development
environmental interaction
movement
Living systems assemble large, complex molecules known as
macromolecules; biomolecules
true or false
Living systems can be distinguished from non-living systems by their patterns of complex organization at both the chemical and cellular level.
true
The basic unit of living systems is the
cell
What is the major difficulty in defining life?
1. Living and nonliving systems are likely to share characteristics.
- It is impossible to find characteristics that all living things share.
- Not all living things are capable of evolution.
1
New characteristics in a biological hierarchy are influenced by
1. properties of lower level components.
- properties of higher level components.
- properties of both lower an higher level components.
1
What makes the molecules that characterize living things unique to living things?
Large size
Complex structure
Chemical bonds present
Atoms present
complex structure
Living things are have an organization that can be subdivided into levels. This is known as a complex ______ organization.
hierarchical
Although nonliving material, such as chemicals that form crystalline structures, can replicate itself, only living things can _____
reproduce
Which of the following do cells represent?
1. The basic units of living systems.
- Completely autonomous structures.
- The smallest living component for which replication occurs.
1 and 3
When new characteristics arise at a level of the biological hierarchy, they are known as ______ properties.
emergent properties
What are the characteristics of the genetic program of living things?
The code provides fidelity of inheritance.
It encodes protein structure.
It encodes the structures necessary for functioning.
It encodes the structures necessary for development.
The amino acids that make up protein structure are specified by the order of bases in DNA. This relationship is known as the _____
genetic code
Life does not arise spontaneously, but comes from previous life. This process is known as
reproduction or biogenesis
The digestion of the food particle by an amoeba constitutes the characteristic of life known as
metabolism
The study of metabolic functions is called
physiology
true or false
Only complex organisms show development and differentiation.
false
For most living things,
_____ stores genetic information
DNA
The egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages of an insect illustrate the existence of this process.
metamorphosis
Cellular respiration is an example of this property of life.
metabolism
Physiology includes the study of
organs.
organ systems.
tissues.
The passage of an individual through different stages of the life cycle is the property of life that is known as
development
The study of organismal interaction with an environment is called
ecology
The transformation from one life stage to another is a developmental process known as
metamorphosis
All living organisms are subject to the basic natural laws of
physics and chemistry
Which are examples of eukaryotes?
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Requiring the generation of multiple, working hypotheses or predictions to a question that is asked is the _________ _________ method, or scientific method.
hypothetic deductive method
Living things are governed by the laws that govern energy and its transformations, which are known as laws of
thermodynamics
The goal of testing hypotheses of proximate causes is to test
mechanistic explanations
Eukaryotes are defined by the possession of a membrane-bound
nucleus
Which are essential characteristics of science?
Its conclusions are permanent.
It is testable.
It is explanatory.
It is falsifiable.
It is guided by human laws.
it is testable
it is explanatory
it is falsifiable
Darwin’s theory of __________ and the
_________ theory of inheritance are the major factors that guide zoology today.
evolution
chromosomal
the scientific method is also called
the hypothetico-deductive method
Who recorded his theory of natural selection in the book On the Origin of Species?
charles darwin
Hypotheses of proximate causes are investigated using the
experimental method
what are the theories included in Darwinism?
- perpetual change
- common descent
- multiplication of species
- gradualism
- natural selection
Which two are the major paradigms that guide current zoological research?
Theory of evolution
Chromosomal theory of inheritance
Articulated in his book titled On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, ________ _________’s theory of natural selection is paramount to biology.
charles darwin
define embryology
study of embryos & their development
(embryo - initial stage of development in an animal cell)
zygote
fertilized egg cell as a result of the union of a female gamete (egg or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)
gametogenesis
production of egg or sperm cells
blastopore
the opening by which the cavity of the gastrula, an embryonic stage in animal development, communicates with the exterior
archenteron
hollow tube created by the arrangement of invaginated cells in the gastrula; embryonic precursor to the gut
organogenesis
differentiation of organ tissues
