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slide 2, lecture Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

unifying concepts of biology

A

cell theory, evolution, and genetics

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2
Q

in single celled organisms, all functions of life are

A

all functions of life are carried out in that once cell

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3
Q

multi-celled organisms

A

cells have a unique structural and functional roles to the whole of an organism

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4
Q

all animal cells are what kind of cell

A

eukaryotic

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5
Q

eukaryotic cells are

A

are cells with genetic material contained within a membrane-bound nucleus

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6
Q

prokaryotic cells are

A

bacteria cells which also contain genetic material (similar to eukaryotic cells), but no nucleus

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7
Q

difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic are cells containing a nucleus, prokaryotic cells do not

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8
Q

plasma membrane function

A

regulates the exchange of nutrients across the cell surface

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9
Q

where is the phospholipid found + function, label top to bottom

A

major component in the cell membrane, helps to regulate exchange of nutrients in and out of he cell

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10
Q

cytoplasm defintion and function

A

gel like medium contained within plasma membrane in which organelles are suspended, job is to hold organelles within the cell and protect them from damage

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11
Q

nucleus function and definition

A

double layered plasma membrane
- houses DNA
- site of transcription
(DNA to RNA)

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12
Q

the endoplasmic reticulum branches out from the ___________ _________

A

nuclear membrane

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13
Q

features of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • surface has ribosomes
  • site of protein synthesis
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14
Q

features of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • surface lacks ribosomes
  • site of lipid synthesis
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15
Q

what structure receives proteins from the ER

A

golgi apparatus

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16
Q

what structure sorts, folds, cuts/splices, and/or adds carbohydrates to the structure

A

golgi apparatus

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17
Q

what structure packages finished proteins vesicles, transports vesicles where needed

A

golgi apparatus

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18
Q

what structure contains enzymes that aid breakdown of material (ex: bacteria, damaged or infected host cell)

A

lysosomes

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19
Q

what structure keeps enzymes safely enclosed until needed

A

lysosomes

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20
Q

what structure is the site of cellular metabolism, and is in charge of ATP production

A

the mitochondria

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21
Q

what structure creates chemical energy that fuels organisms using aerobic resparation

A

the mitochondria

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22
Q

what structure separates genome indicating endosymbiosis w/ bacteria

A

the mitochondria

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23
Q

_________ is a network of fiber like proteins in cytoplasm

A

cytoskeleton

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24
Q

what structure is structural and mechanical support, cell shape

A

cytoskeleton

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25
Q

what structure facilitates movement of organelles and genetic material

A

cytoskeleton

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26
Q

described as “selective gatekeeper” and manages what goes in and out of the cell through
- diffusion
- carrier mediated transport
- endocytosis

A

cell membrane

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27
Q

diffusion is the

A

movement of molecules from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

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28
Q

Osmosis is the

A

diffusion of water molecules

29
Q

movement of water across the membrane is

A

osmosis

30
Q

3 types of cells during osmosis

A

-hypertonic / hyperosmotic
- isotonic / isomotic
- hypotonic / hypoosmotic

31
Q

cell in osmosis that has high water, and no solutes, leading to them swelling and bursting

A

hypotonic / hypoosmotic

32
Q

cell in osmosis that has low water, and high solutes which causes the cells to loose water, shrivel, and shrink

A

hypertonic / hyperosmotic

33
Q

what cell in osmosis has equal concentrations of water and solutes

A

isotonic / isosmotic

34
Q

the process of one mother cell dividing into two identical daughter cells is

A

mitosis

35
Q

humans have ___ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

36
Q

humans have ___ chromatids in total

A

46

37
Q

the centromere

A

connects two chromatids together

38
Q

nucleic acids form

A

DNA

39
Q

DNA forms

A

genes

40
Q

genes form

A

chromsomes

41
Q

in DNA replication, DNA helicase is a

A

enzyme that “unzips” DNA

42
Q

in DNA replication, DNA polymerase function is to

A

“reads” open strand of DNA
- adds complementary base pairs

43
Q

mitosis cell division phases

A

interphase
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis

44
Q

what’s the longest stage of mitosis

A

interphase

45
Q

how many chromatids
are there in the G1 phase of interphase

A

1 chromatid per chromosome

46
Q

what happens during the s stage of interphase

A

DNA replication

47
Q

how many chromatids per chromosome in the G2 phase of interphase

A

there are 2 chromatids per chromosome

48
Q

during this phase of the cell cycle
the nuclear membrane disintegrates, chromosomes condense forming recognizable shape, spindles form

A

prophase

49
Q

during this cell phase, chromosome line up to form the metaphase plate, centromeres on spindle fibers
“equator” of cell

A

metaphase

50
Q

during this cell phase, spindle fibers contract, pulls sister chromatids apart, the chromatids then move to opposite poles of the cell

A

anaphase

51
Q

during this cell phase, spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membrane re-forms, chromosomes de-condense

A

telophase

52
Q

during this cell phase, the cell divides into 2 identical separate cells

A

cytokinesis

53
Q

cellular death is referred to as

A

apoptosis

54
Q

apoptosis is, and is necessary because

A

cell death, necessary for continued health and development

55
Q

moving molecules across the cell membrane that cannot freely diffuse is ___________________

A

carrier mediated transport

56
Q

moving molecules against a concentration gradient is __________________

A

carrier mediated transport

57
Q

movement of nutrients and other things across the cell membrane that requires transport proteins (chaperone) and ATP energy is ____________________

A

carrier mediated transport

58
Q

an energy dependent pathway that combines a chemical reaction with a diffusion process

A

carrier mediated transport

59
Q

define endosymbiosis

A

two organisms living together with one inside the other

60
Q

define endocytosis

A

ingestion of material by cell

61
Q

what are the 3 kinds of endocytosis (and definition of endocytosis)

A

is the ingestion of material by cell
1. phagocytosis - cellular eating, invaginates around food
2. pinocytosis - cellular drinking, invaginates around liquid that contain enzymes and nutrients
3. receptor-mediated endocytosis - receptor proteins on membrane surface bind to

62
Q

define phagocytoses

A
  • Cellular eating
  • Membrane folds around item, engulfs it, lysomes fuse to facilitate breakdown
63
Q

define pinocytosis

A

cellular drinking, invaginates around fluid that contains nutrients and particles

64
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

the cell has receptors proteins that attach to specific molecules, signals invagination

65
Q

define exocytosis

A

the cell exports material from inside the cell to outside the cell// the opposite of endocytosis

66
Q

cytoskeleton function

A
  1. spatially organizes the contents of the cell
  2. it connects the cell physically and biochemically to the external environment
  3. generates coordinated forces that enable the cell to move and change shape
67
Q

what are the 4 chemical bases found in DNA

A
  1. Adenine (A)
  2. Guanine (G)
  3. Cytosine (C)
  4. Thymine (T)
68
Q

what is the cell membrane bilayer composed of

A

Amphipathic phospholipids create bilayer

Bio (19 decks)

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