slide 2, lecture Flashcards
unifying concepts of biology
cell theory, evolution, and genetics
in single celled organisms, all functions of life are
all functions of life are carried out in that once cell
multi-celled organisms
cells have a unique structural and functional roles to the whole of an organism
all animal cells are what kind of cell
eukaryotic
eukaryotic cells are
are cells with genetic material contained within a membrane-bound nucleus
prokaryotic cells are
bacteria cells which also contain genetic material (similar to eukaryotic cells), but no nucleus
difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic are cells containing a nucleus, prokaryotic cells do not
plasma membrane function
regulates the exchange of nutrients across the cell surface
where is the phospholipid found + function, label top to bottom
major component in the cell membrane, helps to regulate exchange of nutrients in and out of he cell
cytoplasm defintion and function
gel like medium contained within plasma membrane in which organelles are suspended, job is to hold organelles within the cell and protect them from damage
nucleus function and definition
double layered plasma membrane
- houses DNA
- site of transcription
(DNA to RNA)
the endoplasmic reticulum branches out from the ___________ _________
nuclear membrane
features of rough endoplasmic reticulum
- surface has ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis
features of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- surface lacks ribosomes
- site of lipid synthesis
what structure receives proteins from the ER
golgi apparatus
what structure sorts, folds, cuts/splices, and/or adds carbohydrates to the structure
golgi apparatus
what structure packages finished proteins vesicles, transports vesicles where needed
golgi apparatus
what structure contains enzymes that aid breakdown of material (ex: bacteria, damaged or infected host cell)
lysosomes
what structure keeps enzymes safely enclosed until needed
lysosomes
what structure is the site of cellular metabolism, and is in charge of ATP production
the mitochondria
what structure creates chemical energy that fuels organisms using aerobic resparation
the mitochondria
what structure separates genome indicating endosymbiosis w/ bacteria
the mitochondria
_________ is a network of fiber like proteins in cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
what structure is structural and mechanical support, cell shape
cytoskeleton
what structure facilitates movement of organelles and genetic material
cytoskeleton
described as “selective gatekeeper” and manages what goes in and out of the cell through
- diffusion
- carrier mediated transport
- endocytosis
cell membrane
diffusion is the
movement of molecules from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
Osmosis is the
diffusion of water molecules
movement of water across the membrane is
osmosis
3 types of cells during osmosis
-hypertonic / hyperosmotic
- isotonic / isomotic
- hypotonic / hypoosmotic
cell in osmosis that has high water, and no solutes, leading to them swelling and bursting
hypotonic / hypoosmotic
cell in osmosis that has low water, and high solutes which causes the cells to loose water, shrivel, and shrink
hypertonic / hyperosmotic
what cell in osmosis has equal concentrations of water and solutes
isotonic / isosmotic
the process of one mother cell dividing into two identical daughter cells is
mitosis
humans have ___ pairs of chromosomes
23
humans have ___ chromatids in total
46
the centromere
connects two chromatids together
nucleic acids form
DNA
DNA forms
genes
genes form
chromsomes
in DNA replication, DNA helicase is a
enzyme that “unzips” DNA
in DNA replication, DNA polymerase function is to
“reads” open strand of DNA
- adds complementary base pairs
mitosis cell division phases
interphase
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
what’s the longest stage of mitosis
interphase
how many chromatids
are there in the G1 phase of interphase
1 chromatid per chromosome
what happens during the s stage of interphase
DNA replication
how many chromatids per chromosome in the G2 phase of interphase
there are 2 chromatids per chromosome
during this phase of the cell cycle
the nuclear membrane disintegrates, chromosomes condense forming recognizable shape, spindles form
prophase
during this cell phase, chromosome line up to form the metaphase plate, centromeres on spindle fibers
“equator” of cell
metaphase
during this cell phase, spindle fibers contract, pulls sister chromatids apart, the chromatids then move to opposite poles of the cell
anaphase
during this cell phase, spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membrane re-forms, chromosomes de-condense
telophase
during this cell phase, the cell divides into 2 identical separate cells
cytokinesis
cellular death is referred to as
apoptosis
apoptosis is, and is necessary because
cell death, necessary for continued health and development
moving molecules across the cell membrane that cannot freely diffuse is ___________________
carrier mediated transport
moving molecules against a concentration gradient is __________________
carrier mediated transport
movement of nutrients and other things across the cell membrane that requires transport proteins (chaperone) and ATP energy is ____________________
carrier mediated transport
an energy dependent pathway that combines a chemical reaction with a diffusion process
carrier mediated transport
define endosymbiosis
two organisms living together with one inside the other
define endocytosis
ingestion of material by cell
what are the 3 kinds of endocytosis (and definition of endocytosis)
is the ingestion of material by cell
1. phagocytosis - cellular eating, invaginates around food
2. pinocytosis - cellular drinking, invaginates around liquid that contain enzymes and nutrients
3. receptor-mediated endocytosis - receptor proteins on membrane surface bind to
define phagocytoses
- Cellular eating
- Membrane folds around item, engulfs it, lysomes fuse to facilitate breakdown
define pinocytosis
cellular drinking, invaginates around fluid that contains nutrients and particles
receptor-mediated endocytosis
the cell has receptors proteins that attach to specific molecules, signals invagination
define exocytosis
the cell exports material from inside the cell to outside the cell// the opposite of endocytosis
cytoskeleton function
- spatially organizes the contents of the cell
- it connects the cell physically and biochemically to the external environment
- generates coordinated forces that enable the cell to move and change shape
what are the 4 chemical bases found in DNA
- Adenine (A)
- Guanine (G)
- Cytosine (C)
- Thymine (T)
what is the cell membrane bilayer composed of
Amphipathic phospholipids create bilayer
