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Neurosciences > Sleep physiology > Flashcards

Sleep physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Motion sensor used to measure sleep wake patterns and movement disorders during sleep

A

Actigraphy

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2
Q

Typical dreams during non-REM sleep

A

Thought-like

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3
Q

Typical dreams during REM sleep

A

Illogical and bizarre

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4
Q

Comprehensive assessment of sleep including EEG, electromyogram and electrooculogram

A

Polysomnography

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5
Q

Time from attempting to go to sleep to actually sleeping

A

Sleep latency

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6
Q

Time from sleep onset to first REM period

A

REM latency

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7
Q

Normal REM latency

A

Around 90 minutes

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8
Q

Calculation for sleep efficiency

A

Sleep time/time in bedx100

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9
Q

Objective test to measure how long someone takes to fall asleep in controlled conditions

A

Multiple sleep latency test

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10
Q

Average length of sleep for adults

A

7.5 hours

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11
Q

Measurement tool for brainwaves during sleep

A

EEG

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12
Q

Measurement tool for eye movements during sleep

A

Electrooculography

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13
Q

Measurement tool for skeletal muscle movement during sleep

A

Electromyography

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14
Q

Percentage of sleep which is REM

A

25%

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15
Q

Number of stages of sleep

A

4-5
Normally 3 NREM plus REM
Previously stage 3 divided into stage 3 and 4

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16
Q

Percentage of time in stage 1 sleep

A

5%

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17
Q

EEG findings in stage 1 sleep

A

Theta waves

Alpha waves

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18
Q

Characteristics of stage 1 sleep

A

Easily woken

Sleep starts

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19
Q

Percentage of time in stage 2 sleep

A

45%

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20
Q

EEG findings in stage 2 sleep

A

Sleep spindles
K-complexes
Theta waves
V waves

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21
Q

Physical characteristics of stage 2 sleep

A

Drop in body temperature

Eyes stop moving

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22
Q

Percentage of time in stage 3 (3+4) sleep

A

25%

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23
Q

EEG findings in stage 3 (3+4) sleep

A

<50% delta waves in stage 3

>50% delta waves in stage 4

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24
Q

Characteristics of stage 3 (3+4) sleep

A

Deepest stage of sleep
Night terrors and sleepwalking can occur
Slowest heart rate and breathing

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25
Q

EEG findings in REM sleep

A

Low voltage mixed frequency similar to EEG when awake

Sawtooth waves

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26
Q

Features of REM sleep

A 
Increased HR, BP, RR
Penile erection
Occasional myoclonic jerks
Memory of dreams when they occur
Rapid eye movements
Loss of muscle tone
Deafness
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27
Q

Pattern of REM and non-REM sleep

A 
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3 (3+4)
Stage 2
REM
Through the night more time is spent in REM sleep
28
Q

Typical number of REM cycles per night

29
Q

Length of sleep spindles

30
Q

Frequency of sleep spindles

A

Upper alpha or lower beta frequency - 12-16Hz

31
Q

Stage of sleep sleep spindles most commonly seen

32
Q

Frequency of K complexes

33
Q

Part of the brain sleep spindles are most commonly seen

A

Parasagittal regions

34
Q

Part of the brain K complexes most commonly seen

A

Frontal regions

35
Q

Trigger for K complexes to occur

A

Partial wakening

36
Q

Sharp waves that occur during sleep

37
Q

Area of the brain that manages circadian rhythms

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus

38
Q

Signals that synchronise the suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Signals of light from the retina

39
Q

Number of hours of a natural sleep-wake cycle in the absence of light

40
Q

Part of the brain which induces sleep by stopping arousal nuclei

A

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

41
Q

Disorder caused by damage to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

A

Chronic insomnia

42
Q

Neurons which reinforce the arousal system during the day

A

Orexin/hypocretin

43
Q

Condition characterised by a reduced number of orexin neurons

A

Narcolepsy

44
Q

Average hours of sleep a day for newborns

45
Q

Proportion of REM sleep in newborns

46
Q

Sleep changes in older adults

A

Less REM and NREM sleep

47
Q

Neurotransmitters involved in the ascending reticular activating system which affect sleep and wakefulness

A 
Cholinergic
Noradrenergic
Dopaminergic
Serotonergic
Histaminergic
48
Q

Function of cholinergic neurotransmitters in sleep

A

Activation induced REM sleep

49
Q

Function of noradrenergic neurotransmitters in sleep

A

Activation reduces REM sleep

50
Q

Effect of alcohol on sleep

A

Short term - increases slow wave sleep
Long term - decreases slow wave sleep
Reduced initial REM and increased second half REM

51
Q

Effect of alcohol withdrawal on sleep

A

Loss of slow wave sleep

Increased REM

52
Q

Effect of anxiety on sleep

A

Increased stage 1 sleep
Reduced REM sleep
Reduced slow wave sleep

53
Q

Effect of benzodiazepines on sleep

A 
Reduced sleep latency
Increased sleep time
Reduced stage 1 sleep
Increased stage 2 sleep
Reduced slow wave sleep
Reduced REM sleep
Prevention of transition from stage 2 sleep to slow wave sleep
54
Q

Effect of cannabis on sleep

A

Increased slow wave sleep

Decreased REM

55
Q

Effect of dementia on sleep

A

Increased sleep latency
More fragmented sleep
Reduced sleep time

56
Q

Effect of depression on sleep

A

Loss of slow wave sleep in the first half
Increased REM leading to early morning wakening
Reduced REM latency

57
Q

Effect of lithium on sleep

A

Increased REM latency
Loss of REM
Increased slow wave sleep

58
Q

Effect of opiates on sleep

A

Decreased slow wave sleep

Decreased REM

59
Q

Effect of SSRIs on sleep

A

Generally alerting

60
Q

Effect of TCAs on sleep

A

Loss of REM
Increased slow wave sleep
Increased stage 1 sleep

61
Q

TCA which causes the biggest loss of REM sleep

A

Clomipramine

62
Q

Likelihood of family history in cases of night terrors

A

Infrequent

63
Q

Amnesia experienced after night terrors

A

Complete amnesia

64
Q

Most consistent changes to sleep seen in people with PTSD

A

Increased eye movements in REM
Increase in stage 1 sleep
Decrease in slow wave sleep

65
Q

Usual stage of sleep for night terrors to occur

Neurosciences (16 decks)

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