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Sleep physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Motion sensor used to measure sleep wake patterns and movement disorders during sleep

A

Actigraphy

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2
Q

Typical dreams during non-REM sleep

A

Thought-like

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3
Q

Typical dreams during REM sleep

A

Illogical and bizarre

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4
Q

Comprehensive assessment of sleep including EEG, electromyogram and electrooculogram

A

Polysomnography

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5
Q

Time from attempting to go to sleep to actually sleeping

A

Sleep latency

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6
Q

Time from sleep onset to first REM period

A

REM latency

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7
Q

Normal REM latency

A

Around 90 minutes

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8
Q

Calculation for sleep efficiency

A

Sleep time/time in bedx100

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9
Q

Objective test to measure how long someone takes to fall asleep in controlled conditions

A

Multiple sleep latency test

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10
Q

Average length of sleep for adults

A

7.5 hours

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11
Q

Measurement tool for brainwaves during sleep

A

EEG

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12
Q

Measurement tool for eye movements during sleep

A

Electrooculography

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13
Q

Measurement tool for skeletal muscle movement during sleep

A

Electromyography

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14
Q

Percentage of sleep which is REM

A

25%

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15
Q

Number of stages of sleep

A

4-5
Normally 3 NREM plus REM
Previously stage 3 divided into stage 3 and 4

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16
Q

Percentage of time in stage 1 sleep

A

5%

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17
Q

EEG findings in stage 1 sleep

A

Theta waves

Alpha waves

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18
Q

Characteristics of stage 1 sleep

A

Easily woken

Sleep starts

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19
Q

Percentage of time in stage 2 sleep

A

45%

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20
Q

EEG findings in stage 2 sleep

A

Sleep spindles
K-complexes
Theta waves
V waves

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21
Q

Physical characteristics of stage 2 sleep

A

Drop in body temperature

Eyes stop moving

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22
Q

Percentage of time in stage 3 (3+4) sleep

A

25%

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23
Q

EEG findings in stage 3 (3+4) sleep

A

<50% delta waves in stage 3

>50% delta waves in stage 4

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24
Q

Characteristics of stage 3 (3+4) sleep

A

Deepest stage of sleep
Night terrors and sleepwalking can occur
Slowest heart rate and breathing

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25
EEG findings in REM sleep
Low voltage mixed frequency similar to EEG when awake | Sawtooth waves
26
Features of REM sleep
``` Increased HR, BP, RR Penile erection Occasional myoclonic jerks Memory of dreams when they occur Rapid eye movements Loss of muscle tone Deafness ```
27
Pattern of REM and non-REM sleep
``` Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 (3+4) Stage 2 REM Through the night more time is spent in REM sleep ```
28
Typical number of REM cycles per night
5
29
Length of sleep spindles
<1 second
30
Frequency of sleep spindles
Upper alpha or lower beta frequency - 12-16Hz
31
Stage of sleep sleep spindles most commonly seen
Stage 2
32
Frequency of K complexes
Delta
33
Part of the brain sleep spindles are most commonly seen
Parasagittal regions
34
Part of the brain K complexes most commonly seen
Frontal regions
35
Trigger for K complexes to occur
Partial wakening
36
Sharp waves that occur during sleep
V waves
37
Area of the brain that manages circadian rhythms
Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus
38
Signals that synchronise the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Signals of light from the retina
39
Number of hours of a natural sleep-wake cycle in the absence of light
26 hours
40
Part of the brain which induces sleep by stopping arousal nuclei
Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
41
Disorder caused by damage to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
Chronic insomnia
42
Neurons which reinforce the arousal system during the day
Orexin/hypocretin
43
Condition characterised by a reduced number of orexin neurons
Narcolepsy
44
Average hours of sleep a day for newborns
16 hours
45
Proportion of REM sleep in newborns
>50%
46
Sleep changes in older adults
Less REM and NREM sleep
47
Neurotransmitters involved in the ascending reticular activating system which affect sleep and wakefulness
``` Cholinergic Noradrenergic Dopaminergic Serotonergic Histaminergic ```
48
Function of cholinergic neurotransmitters in sleep
Activation induced REM sleep
49
Function of noradrenergic neurotransmitters in sleep
Activation reduces REM sleep
50
Effect of alcohol on sleep
Short term - increases slow wave sleep Long term - decreases slow wave sleep Reduced initial REM and increased second half REM
51
Effect of alcohol withdrawal on sleep
Loss of slow wave sleep | Increased REM
52
Effect of anxiety on sleep
Increased stage 1 sleep Reduced REM sleep Reduced slow wave sleep
53
Effect of benzodiazepines on sleep
``` Reduced sleep latency Increased sleep time Reduced stage 1 sleep Increased stage 2 sleep Reduced slow wave sleep Reduced REM sleep Prevention of transition from stage 2 sleep to slow wave sleep ```
54
Effect of cannabis on sleep
Increased slow wave sleep | Decreased REM
55
Effect of dementia on sleep
Increased sleep latency More fragmented sleep Reduced sleep time
56
Effect of depression on sleep
Loss of slow wave sleep in the first half Increased REM leading to early morning wakening Reduced REM latency
57
Effect of lithium on sleep
Increased REM latency Loss of REM Increased slow wave sleep
58
Effect of opiates on sleep
Decreased slow wave sleep | Decreased REM
59
Effect of SSRIs on sleep
Generally alerting
60
Effect of TCAs on sleep
Loss of REM Increased slow wave sleep Increased stage 1 sleep
61
TCA which causes the biggest loss of REM sleep
Clomipramine
62
Likelihood of family history in cases of night terrors
Infrequent
63
Amnesia experienced after night terrors
Complete amnesia
64
Most consistent changes to sleep seen in people with PTSD
Increased eye movements in REM Increase in stage 1 sleep Decrease in slow wave sleep
65
Usual stage of sleep for night terrors to occur
Stage 4

Neurosciences (16 decks)

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