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Neurosciences > Measurement of neurophysiology > Flashcards

Measurement of neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Number of electrodes used in standard EEG

A

21

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2
Q

Procedures that are used to elicit abnormalities in EEG

A

Hyperventilation
Strobe lighting
Sleep deprivation

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3
Q

Frequency of beta waves in EEG

A

13-30Hz

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4
Q

Frequency of alpha waves in EEG

A

8-13Hz

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5
Q

Frequency of theta waves in EEG

A

4-8Hz

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6
Q

Frequency of delta waves in EEG

A

<4Hz

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7
Q

Frequency of Mu waves in EEG

A

7-11Hz

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8
Q

Waves described as fast waves in EEG

A

Beta

Alpha

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9
Q

Waves described as slow waves in EEG

A

Theta

Delta

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10
Q

Wave seen at the frontal, central position on a normal waking EEG when busy or concentrating

A

Beta

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11
Q

Most common wave seen in awake but eyes closed, relaxing EEG

A

Alpha

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12
Q

Wave prominent in sleep in EEG

A

Theta

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13
Q

Wave prominent in deep sleep in EEG

A

Delta

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14
Q

Factors that cause alpha waves to disappear in EEG

A

Anxiety
Eyes opening
Arousal
Focused attention

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15
Q

EEG wave which is suggestive of pathology if seen in large amounts during waking

A

Theta

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16
Q

EEG wave which is suggestive of pathology if seen at all in waking EEG

A

Delta

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17
Q

Characteristics of Mu waves in EEG

A

Related to motor activity
Arch like waves
Caused by movement of the contralateral side

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18
Q

Characteristics of Lambda waves on EEG

A

Single, occipital, triangular, sharp wave

Produced by visual scanning e.g. reading a line of text

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19
Q

Characteristics of normal EEG in newborns

A

Dominant delta and theta waves

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20
Q

Characteristics of normal EEG in babies

A

Irregular medium to high frequency delta waves

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21
Q

Characteristics of normal EEG in early childhood

A

Posterior alpha waves developing

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22
Q

Age at which a child’s EEG becomes similar to an adult’s

A

12-14

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23
Q

Characteristic EEG in absence seizures

A

Regular 3Hz waves

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24
Q

Characteristic EEG in Alzheimer’s dementia

A

Increase in lower frequency waves

Rarely normal in advanced Alzheimer’s dementia

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25
Q

Characteristic EEG in Angelman’s syndrome

A

Long runs of 2-3Hz frontal activity with epileptiform discharges
Occipital 4-6Hz occipital activity on eye closure by the age of 12

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26
Q

Characteristic EEG in ADHD

A

Spike or spike and wave pattern in 60%

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27
Q

Characteristic EEG in borderline personality disorder

A

Spikes in 25% of patients

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28
Q

Characteristic EEG in CJD

A

1-2Hz sharp waves every 1-2 seconds in 90% of patients with sporadic CJD
Less often seen in familial CJD
Not seen in variant CJD

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29
Q

Characteristic EEG in subdural haematoma

A

Focal delta slowing

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30
Q

Characteristic EEG in herpes simplex encephalitis

A

Episodic discharges every 1-3 seconds over temporal areas

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31
Q

Characteristic EEG in Huntington’s disease

A

Initially loss of alpha waves

Later flattened wave

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32
Q

Characteristic EEG in infantile spasms

A

Hypsarrhythmia - diffuse giant waves with a chaotic background

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33
Q

Characteristic EEG in infectious disorders

A

Diffuse, synchronous high voltage slowing

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34
Q

Characteristic EEG in metabolic or endocrine disorders

A

Diffused generalised slowing

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35
Q

Characteristic EEG in hepatic encephalopathy

A

Triphasic waves

Widespread slowing

36
Q

Characteristic EEG in neurosyphilis

A

General increase in slow waves

37
Q

Characteristic EEG in seizures

A

Generalised, hemispheric, or focal spike or spike/wave discharge

38
Q

Characteristic EEG in stroke

A

Delta activity

39
Q

Characteristic EEG in structural lesions

A

Focal slowing or focal spike

40
Q

Most common EEG abonrmality

A

Diffuse slowing

41
Q

Effect of antipsychotics on EEG

A

Slowing of beta
Increase in alpha, theta and delta
Mild instability of waveforms

42
Q

Effect of antidepressants on EEG

A

Slowing of beta

Increase in alpha, theta, delta

43
Q

Effect of lithium on EEG

A

Slowing of alpha

44
Q

Effect anticonvulsants on EEG

A

No effect

45
Q

Effect of barbiturates on EEG

A

Increased beta activity

46
Q

Effect of barbiturate withdrawal on EEG

A

Generalised paroxysmal activity

Spikes

47
Q

Effect of benzodiazepines on EEG

A

Increased beta

Decreased alpha

48
Q

Effect of benzodiazepine overdose on EEG

A

Suppressed rhythm

Excess fast waves/beta waves

49
Q

Effect of opiates on EEG

A

Decreased alpha

Increased voltage of theta and delta

50
Q

Effect of opiate overdose on EEG

A

Slow waves

51
Q

Effect of alcohol intoxication on EEG

A

Increased alpha activity

Increased theta activity

52
Q

Effect of alcohol withdrawal on EEG

A

Increased beta

53
Q

Characteristic EEG in delirium

A

Slow waves

54
Q

Characteristic EEG in delirium tremens

A

Beta activity

55
Q

Effect of marijuana on EEG

A

Increased alpha in frontal area

Overall slow alpha activity

56
Q

Effect of cocaine on EEG

A

Increased alpha activity in frontal area

Overall slow alpha activity

57
Q

Effect of nicotine on EEG

A

Increased alpha

58
Q

Effect of nicotine withdrawal on EEG

A

Decrease in alpha activiy

59
Q

Effect of caffeine withdrawal on EEG

A

Increase in amplitude of theta waves

60
Q

Measurement technique used to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain

A

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

61
Q

Age at which EEG changes are seen in Angelman’s syndrome

A

2

62
Q

Characteristic EEG in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

A

Bilateral symmetrical polyphasic sharp wave and slow wave complexes every 4-15 seconds

63
Q

EEG seen immediately after ECT treatment

A

Delta and theta excess

64
Q

Time after ECT treatment for EEG to return to normal

A

3 months

65
Q

Percentage of healthy individuals who show EEG abnormalities

A

10-15%

66
Q

Percentage of epileptic patients who show normal EEG between seizures

A

30-50%

67
Q

Characteristic EEG in atypical absence seizures

A

<2.5Hz generalised spike and wave

68
Q

Characteristic EEG in focal seizures

A

Focal spikes

69
Q

Characteristic EEG in myoclonic seizures

A

3-6Hz polyspike and wave discharge

70
Q

Characteristic EEG in generalised tonic clonic seizures

A

Generalised fast rhythmic spikes in tonic phase

Burst of spikes and slow waves in clonic phase

71
Q

Characteristic post ictal EEG

A

Irregular slow activity

72
Q

Characteristic EEG in atonic seizures

A

Generalised spike and wave

Slow waves during atonia

73
Q

Frequency of gamma waves

A

30-100Hz

74
Q

Wave seen normally in advanced meditators

A

Gamma

75
Q

Changes in EEG seen in variant CJD

A

No typical changes

76
Q

EEG findings in normal aging

A

Diffuse or focal slowing

If focal most often present in the left temporal region

77
Q

Alternative name for sleep spindles

A

Sigma waves

78
Q

Stage of sleep sigma waves occur in

A

Stage II

79
Q

Disease characterised by loss of sigma waves

A

Familial fatal insomnia

80
Q

Area of the brain where sigma waves are generated

A

Thalamus

81
Q

Effect of lithium toxicity on EEG

A

Generalised slowing with triphasic waves

82
Q

EEG wave most suggestive of a SOL in the brain

A

Delta waves

83
Q

Characteristic EEG in HIV infection

A

Diffuse slowing

84
Q

EEG seen in frontotemporal dementia

A

Usually normal

85
Q

Area of the brain where alpha waves are most frequently seen

A

Occipital regions

Neurosciences (16 decks)

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