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Neuroendocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Two lobes of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior

Posterior

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2
Q

Condition associated with increased levels of growth hormone

A

Acromegaly in adults

Gigantism in children

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3
Q

Condition associated with decreased levels of growth hormone

A

Dwarfism

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4
Q

Factors which can increase growth hormone release

A

Exercise
Sleep
Stress

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5
Q

Effect of anorexia nervosa on growth hormone

A

High levels of growth hormone
Decreased levels of IGF 1 which should be released in response to growth hormone
Resistance to growth hormone

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6
Q

Hypothalamus effects on prolactin

A

Dopamine release inhibits prolactin

TRH increases prolactin

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7
Q

Physiological states causing increased prolactin levels

A

Pregnancy
Breastfeeding
Sleep
Exercise

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8
Q

Effect of antipsychotics on prolactin release

A

Remove the inhibitory control of dopamine by D2 receptor blockade

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9
Q

Effects of hyperprolactinaemia

A

Galactorrhoea
Gynaecomastia in males
Osteoporosis over long term

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10
Q

Roles of ADH aside from fluid balance

A

Attention
Memory
Learning

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11
Q

Factors which increase ADH release

A 
Pain
Stress
Exercise
Morphine
Nicotine
Barbiturates
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12
Q

Substance which decreases ADH secretion

A

Alcohol

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13
Q

Hormones released from the anterior pituitary

A 
GH - growth hormone
LH, FSH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
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14
Q

Hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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15
Q

Hormones released from the hypothalamus

A 
CRH
GHRH
GnRH
TRH
SST
Dopamine
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16
Q

Effect of somatostatin on growth hormone

A

Inhibits release

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17
Q

Hypothalamic hormone which stimulates release of TSH from the pituitary

A

Thyrotrophin releasing hormone

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18
Q

Hormones released by the thyroid in response to TSH release by the pituitary

A

T4

T3

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19
Q

More biologically active form of thyroid hormone

A

T3

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20
Q

Condition T3 and T4 supplementation can be used as an adjunct for, especially in women

A

Depression

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21
Q

Effect of exogenous administration of thyroid hormones on the serotonin system

A

Increased serotonergic transmission

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22
Q

Psychotropic medication known to cause hypothyroidism

A

Lithium

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23
Q

Impact of hypothyroidism on patients with bipolar disorder

A

Can cause rapid cycling in previously stable patients

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24
Q

Physical symptoms of hypothyroidism

A 
Fatigue
Weight gain
Cold intolerance
Dry skin
Constipation
Occasionally a tremor
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25
Q

Physical symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A 
Weight loss
Tremor
Tachycardia
Heat intolerance
Eye signs - exophthalmos
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26
Q

Mental symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

Anxiety
Irritability
Poor concentration
Emotional lability

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27
Q

Mental symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

Depression
Psychomotor retardation
Reduced libido
Poor memory

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28
Q

Hormone released by the pituitary gland in response to corticotrophin releasing hormone release from the hypothalamus

A

ACTH

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29
Q

Impact of ACTH release

A

Cortisol release from the adrenal glands

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30
Q

Effect of cortisol release on the metabolism of glucose

A

Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Increases concentration of glucose in the blood
Decreases peripheral tissue sensitivity to glucose

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31
Q

Effect of cortisol on the immune system

A

Decreases

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32
Q

Peak time of day with highest cortisol levels

A

Early morning

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33
Q

Factors increasing cortisol release

A

Viral infections
Intense exercise
Stress

34
Q

Effect of chronic stress on cortisol release

A

Continuous excess of cortisol due to failure of feedback of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal acis

35
Q

Effect of chronic cortisol excess on the hippocampus

A

Decreased neurogenesis
Shrinkage
Impaired memory
Compensatory increase in amygdala activity leading to memory bias towards negative events

36
Q

Disease caused by excess levels of cortisol due to excess ACTH secretion in the pituitary

A

Cushing’s disease

37
Q

Disease caused by primary cortisol deficiency

A

Addison’s disease

38
Q

Disease which can be caused by bilateral adrenal removal as a treatment for Cushing’s syndrome

A

Nelson’s disease

39
Q

Disease characterised by hypopituitarism as a result of blood loss during and after childhood

A

Sheehan’s syndrome

40
Q

Physical symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome

A 
Abdominal obesity and thin arms and legs
'Buffalo hump'
'Moon face'
Thin skin
Hirsutism
41
Q

Mental features of Cushing’s Syndrome

A 
Depression
Anxiety
Sleep disturbances
Poor concentration
Rarely mania and psychosis
42
Q

Physical features of Addison’s disease

A 
Hyperpigmentation of the skin
Nausea, vomiting, poor appetite
Low BP
Loss of menstrual cycle
Loss of body hair
43
Q

Mental features of Addison’s disease

A

Anxiety
Irritability
Depression
Poor concentration

44
Q

Psychiatric conditions where raised cortisol levels are seen

A

Depression
Mania
OCD
Schizoaffective disorder

45
Q

Psychiatric conditions where lowered cortisol levels are seen

A

Some patients with PTSD
Chronic fatigue
Fibromyalgia

46
Q

Effect of dexamethasone administration on cortisol production

A

Will be suppressed if the HPA axis is intact

47
Q

Effect of dexamethasone suppression test on psychiatric conditions which caused raised cortisol levels

A

Cortisol release not suppressed

48
Q

Type of depression most likely to show dexamethasone suppression test non-suppression

A

Severe depression with psychotic and melancholic features

49
Q

Impact of dexamethasone suppression test non-suppression on likelihood of depression responding to antidepressants

50
Q

Alternative name for the pineal gland

51
Q

Main cells found in the pineal gland

A

Pinealocytes

52
Q

Hormones secreted by the pineal gland

A

Serotonin during the day

Melatonin at night

53
Q

Part of the body with the highest concentration of serotonin

A

Pineal gland

54
Q

Hormone which melatonin is synthesised from

55
Q

Effect of melatonin on the body

A

Regulates circadian rhythms

56
Q

Hormone release increased at the start of sleep

A

Testosterone

57
Q

Hormone release increased during slow wave sleep

A

Growth hormone

Somatostatin

58
Q

Hormone release decreased during slow wave sleep

59
Q

Hormone release decreased during REM sleep

60
Q

Hormone secreted by the stomach which stimulates the cells in the stomach to secrete gastric juice

61
Q

Hormone secreted by the stomach which inhibits the release of gastrin from the stomach, inhibits the release of secretin and cholecystokinin from the duodenum, and inhibits the release of glucagon from the pancreas

A

Somatostatin

62
Q

Hormone secreted by the duodenum which stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate, which neutralises the acidity of the intestines

63
Q

Trigger for secretin to be secreted

A

When duodenal cells are exposed to the acidic contents of the stomach once it has been emptied

64
Q

Hormone secreted by the duodenum and jejunum to force the gallbladder to release bile, cause the pancreas to release digestive enzymes, and gives a satiety signal back to the medulla oblongata to reduce appetite

A

Cholecystokinin

65
Q

Trigger for duodenum and jejunum to release cholecystokinin

A

Exposure to food

66
Q

Hormone which is secreted by endocrine cells in the stomach and acts on the hypothalamus to increase appetite

67
Q

Hormone secreted by the adipose cells in the small intestine which acts on the hypothalamus to reduce hunger

68
Q

Neuropeptide secreted by the hypothalamus which has multiple functions, including neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and increasing hunger

A

Neuropeptide Y

69
Q

Part of the body where melatonin is synthesised

A

Pineal gland

70
Q

Neurotransmitter which melatonin is synthesised from

71
Q

Function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

Circadian rhythm

72
Q

Functions of the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

Secretes GnRH to stimulate release of LH and FSH from anterior pitiuitary
Thermoregulation

73
Q

Function of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

Produces oxytocin

Produces ADH

74
Q

Function of the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

Regulates secretion of oxytocin
Regulates secretion of ADH
Secretes CRH
Secretes TRH

75
Q

Function of the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

Regulates temperature to keep cool

76
Q

Function of the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

Regulates temperature to keep warm

77
Q

Function of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

Releases dopamine to pituitary
Release GHRH to pituitary
Stimulates appetite
Reduces appetite in response to leptin

78
Q

Function of dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus

A

Body weight regulation - stimulates appetite and reduces in response to leptin
Rage centre
Libido
Circadian activity

79
Q

Function of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

Reduces appetite in response to leptin
Sexual behaviour
Insulin regulation

80
Q

Function of the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

Stimulates appetite

81
Q

Function of the septal nucleus of the hypothalamus

A

Regulates sexual desire

82
Q

Most prominent function of substance P

A

Perception of pain

Neurosciences (16 decks)

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