Neuroendocrinology Flashcards
Two lobes of the pituitary gland
Anterior
Posterior
Condition associated with increased levels of growth hormone
Acromegaly in adults
Gigantism in children
Condition associated with decreased levels of growth hormone
Dwarfism
Factors which can increase growth hormone release
Exercise
Sleep
Stress
Effect of anorexia nervosa on growth hormone
High levels of growth hormone
Decreased levels of IGF 1 which should be released in response to growth hormone
Resistance to growth hormone
Hypothalamus effects on prolactin
Dopamine release inhibits prolactin
TRH increases prolactin
Physiological states causing increased prolactin levels
Pregnancy
Breastfeeding
Sleep
Exercise
Effect of antipsychotics on prolactin release
Remove the inhibitory control of dopamine by D2 receptor blockade
Effects of hyperprolactinaemia
Galactorrhoea
Gynaecomastia in males
Osteoporosis over long term
Roles of ADH aside from fluid balance
Attention
Memory
Learning
Factors which increase ADH release
Pain Stress Exercise Morphine Nicotine Barbiturates
Substance which decreases ADH secretion
Alcohol
Hormones released from the anterior pituitary
GH - growth hormone LH, FSH ACTH TSH Prolactin Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland
ADH
Oxytocin
Hormones released from the hypothalamus
CRH GHRH GnRH TRH SST Dopamine
Effect of somatostatin on growth hormone
Inhibits release
Hypothalamic hormone which stimulates release of TSH from the pituitary
Thyrotrophin releasing hormone
Hormones released by the thyroid in response to TSH release by the pituitary
T4
T3
More biologically active form of thyroid hormone
T3
Condition T3 and T4 supplementation can be used as an adjunct for, especially in women
Depression
Effect of exogenous administration of thyroid hormones on the serotonin system
Increased serotonergic transmission
Psychotropic medication known to cause hypothyroidism
Lithium
Impact of hypothyroidism on patients with bipolar disorder
Can cause rapid cycling in previously stable patients
Physical symptoms of hypothyroidism
Fatigue Weight gain Cold intolerance Dry skin Constipation Occasionally a tremor
Physical symptoms of hyperthyroidism
Weight loss Tremor Tachycardia Heat intolerance Eye signs - exophthalmos
Mental symptoms of hyperthyroidism
Anxiety
Irritability
Poor concentration
Emotional lability
Mental symptoms of hypothyroidism
Depression
Psychomotor retardation
Reduced libido
Poor memory
Hormone released by the pituitary gland in response to corticotrophin releasing hormone release from the hypothalamus
ACTH
Impact of ACTH release
Cortisol release from the adrenal glands
Effect of cortisol release on the metabolism of glucose
Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Increases concentration of glucose in the blood
Decreases peripheral tissue sensitivity to glucose
Effect of cortisol on the immune system
Decreases
Peak time of day with highest cortisol levels
Early morning