General brain anatomy Flashcards
Four lobes of the cerebrum
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
Valleys on the surface of the cerebrum
Sulci
Ridges on the surface of the cerebrum
Gyri
Sulcus which divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Central sulcus
Gyrus sitting immediately in front of the central sulcus
Precentral gyrus
Position of the primary motor cortex
Precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe
Term for the distorted map of the human body showing areas of the brain dedicated to sensory and motor functions
Homunculus
Position of the primary somatosensory cortex
Postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe
Lobe immediately behind the frontal lobe which covers the top of the brain
Parietal lobe
Cortices which have a homunculus representation
Primary motor cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex
Sulcus which divides the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe
Lateral sulcus/Sylvian fissure
Area of the primary gustatory cortex
Insula in the Sylvian fissure
Main gyri within the frontal lobe
Precentral gyrus
Superior frontal gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus
Site of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Middle frontal gyrus
Area thought to be responsible for executive functioning
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Considered the area of motivation
Cingulate gyrus
Sulcus found on the medial aspect of the frontal and parietal lobes which separates them from the cingulate gyrus
Cingulate sulcus
Site of Broca’s area
Inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere
Site of Wernicke’s area
Superior temporal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere
Three regions of the inferior frontal gyrus
Opercular part
Triangular part
Orbital part
Considered the area for associative learning, social valuation and decision making
Orbitofrontal cortex in the frontal lobe
Area of the frontal lobe lying just anterior to the primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Functions of the premotor cortex
Control of movement
Planning movement
Site of the primary auditory cortex
Superior temporal gyrus
Two gyri which make up the inferior parietal lobe
Supramarginal gyrus
Angular gyrus
Function of the angular gyrus
Complex language functions e.g. reading, writing, interpretation of what has been written
Number processing
Function of the supramarginal gyrus
Interpretation of tactile sensory data
Proprioception
Empathy during social judgements
Site of the primary visual cortex
In and around the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe
Dominant hemisphere in the majority of right handed people
Left
Percentage of left handed people who are left hemisphere dominant
64%
Percentage of left handed people who are right hemisphere dominant
20%
Percentage of left handed people who show bilateral hemispheric dominance
16%
Most asymmetrical structure in the human brain
Planum temporale
Site of the planum temporale
Superior temporal gyrus
Function of the planum temporale
Language processing - secondary language centre
Hemisphere in which the planum temporale is usually larger
Left
Function of the papez circuit
Control of emotional expression
Elements of the Papez circuit
Hippocampus Fornix Mamillary bodies Mammillothalamic tract Anterior thalamic nucleus Genu of the internal capsule Cingulate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus Entorhinal cortex Perforant pathway
Functions of the limbic system
Emotion
Behaviour
Long term memory
Olfaction
Structures in the limbic system
Papez circuit Amygdala Basal forebrain including the hypothalamus Nucleus accumbens Orbitofrontal cortex
Functions of the hippocampus
Declarative memory
Spatial processing and navigation
Functions of the amygdala
Regulating emotions including fear and aggression
Emotional aspects of memory formation
Alternative name for the forebrain
Prosencephalon
Alternative name for the midbrain
Mesencephalon
Alternative name for the hindbrain
Rhombencephalon
Structures within the forebrain
Cerebral cortex
Structures within the midbrain
Superior and inferior colliculi Tegmentum - including the red nucleus Cerebral peduncles and cerebral crus Oculomotor and trochlear nerve Raphe nuclei Substantia nigra Ventral tegmental area
Structures within the hindbrain
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum
(Collectively the brainstem)
Fibres that connect the two hemispheres of the brain
Corpus callosum
Site of language, logical thinking, and analytical reasoning
Left frontal lobe
Site of non-verbal abilities, imagination, creativity, music and art skills
Right frontal lobe
Neurons which allow the reflection/mirroring of body language, facial expressions, and emotions of others
Mirror neurons
Function of Broca’s area
Co-ordination of fluent speech
Functions of the basal ganglia
Planning and programming of movement
Converting abstract thoughts into voluntary action
Motivation
Addictive behaviours and habit formation
Structures of the basal ganglia
Corpus striatum
Pallidum
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
Two striatum contained in the corpus striatum
Dorsal striatum
Ventral striatum
Structures in the dorsal striatum
Caudate
Putamen
Internal capsule
Structures in the ventral striatum
Nucleus accumbens
Olfactory tubercle
Structures of the pallidum
Large globus pallidus
Small ventral pallidum
Name for the combination of the putamen and the globus pallidus
Lentiform nucleus
Structures of the substantia nigra
Pars compacta
Pars reticulata
Five important circuits involving the basal ganglia
Motor circuit
Oculomotor circuit
Dorsolateral prefrontal circuit (executive)
Anterior cingulate circuit (motivation)
Lateral orbitofrontal circuit (social intelligence)
Divisions of the forebrain
Diencephalon
Telencephalon
Structure of the forebrain which develops into the cerebrum
Telencephalon
Structures included in the diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
Epithalamus
Functions of the thalamus
Relays sensory signals (except olfactory)
Regulates sleep and wakefulness
Relays cerebellar and basal ganglia information to the cerebral cortex
Largest nucleus of the thalamus
Pulvinar
Function of the pulvinar
Visual attention
Area of the brain where sleep spindles are generated
Thalamus
Functions of the hypothalamus
Secretes endocrine hormones to produce further hormone secretion from the pituitary
Co-ordinates homeostasis
Controls food intake
Regulates fear responses
Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus which stimulates the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus which stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus which inhibits the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary
Dopamine
Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus which stimulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus which stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus which inhibits the release of growth hormone and TSH from the anterior pituitary
Somatostatin
Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary (an extension of the hypothalamus) which causes uterine contraction and lactation
Oxytocin
Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary (an extension of the hypothalamus) which increases water reabsorption into the circulation, and increases arterial blood pressure
Vasopressin/ADH
Satiety centre of the hypothalamus
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Feeding centre of the hypothalamus
Lateral hypothalamus
Nucleus found in the medulla oblongata which projects fibres to the contralateral cerebellar cortex and aids in motor co-ordination
Inferior olivary nucleus
Difference in lack of motor co-ordination caused by an inferior olivary lesion compared to a cerebellar lesion
Ipsilateral signs in a cerebellar lesion
Contralateral signs in an inferior olivary lesion
Narrow midline zone of the cerebellum
Vermis
Lobes of the cerebellum
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Flocculonodular lobe
Difficulty in coordinating the receiving, processing and expressing of information which may result from disrupted connections between the cerebrum and the cerebellum seen in schizophrenia
Cognitive dysmetria
Structures in the brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Function of the superior colliculus
Ability to move the eyes together
Function of the inferior colliculus
Localises the source of auditory stimuli
Structure the CSF travels to after the lateral ventricle
Foramina of Monroe
Structure the CSF travels to after the foramina of Monroe
3rd ventricle
Structure the CSF travels to after the 3rd ventricle
Aqueduct of Sylvius
Structure the CSF travels to after the Aqueduct of Sylvius
4th ventricle
Structures the CSF travels to after the 4th ventricle
Foramen of Magendie
Foramina of Luschka
Structure the CSF travels to after the foramen of Magendie and foramina of Luschka
Subarachnoid space
Volume of CSF produced daily
300ml
Structure which separates the two lateral ventricles
Septum pellucidum
Cause of non-communicating hydrocephalus
Obstruction to CSF circulation
Common site of obstruction in a non-communicating hydrocephalus
Foramen of Monroe
Cause of communicating hydrocephalus
Impaired CSF reabsorption in the subarachnoid space
Lobe of the brain where forced utilisation behaviour can be seen
Frontal lobe