Cognitive functions

Question 1

Normal digit span

Answer 1

7+/-2

Question 2

Most helpful orientation test

Answer 2

Time

Question 3

Inaccuracy considered normal in date orientation

Answer 3

2 days or less

Question 4

Disorder where disorientation to name is seen

Answer 4

Psychogenic amnesia

Question 5

Usual error made in similarities test

Answer 5

Answering that they are different, being unable to consider similarities

Question 6

Issue with proverb meanings test

Answer 6

Culturally and eduationally dependent

Question 7

Area of brain lesion where neglect is usually seen

Answer 7

Right hemisphere inferior parietal or prefrontal

Question 8

Hippocampal hemisphere used for declarative verbal memories

Answer 8

Left

Question 9

Hippocampal hemisphere for non-verbal memories

Answer 9

Right

Question 10

Process of strengthening the connection between two neurons on repeated communication which is felt may be the neuronal basis of memory

Answer 10

Long term potentiation

Question 11

Chemical process which mediated long term potentiation

Answer 11

NMDA mediated Ca2+ entry in glutamate neurons

Question 12

Brain structure which connects Broca’s area to Wernicke’s area

Answer 12

Arcuate fasciculus

Question 13

Type of aphasia which is fluent but with loss of comprehension

Answer 13

Wernicke’s aphasia

Question 14

Type of aphasia which is non-fluent but with comprehension intact

Answer 14

Broca’s aphasia

Question 15

Site of lesion causing impairment only for comprehension of spoken words

Answer 15

Superior temporal pole - bilateral or left sided

Question 16

Site of lesion causing pure word blindness/alexia without agraphia - patient can speak, understand spoken language, and write, but not understand written language

Answer 16

Splenium of corpus callosum and L visual cortex (usually due to L PCA infarct)

Question 17

Area of brain lesion which causes isolated limb apraxia

Answer 17

Corticobasal degeneration

Question 18

Type of apraxia which involves the inability to make elements into a meaningful whole e.g. draw diagrams

Answer 18

Constructional apraxia

Question 19

Area of brain lesion which causes a constructional apraxia

Answer 19

Right parietal lobe

Question 20

Type of apraxia which involves an inability to carry out sequences of actions

Answer 20

Ideational/conceptual apraxia

Question 21

Areas of brain lesions which cause ideational apraxia

Answer 21

Left parieto-occipital and parieto-temporal lesions

Question 22

Type of apraxia which the inability to carry out goal directed movements

Answer 22

Ideomotor apraxia

Question 23

Area of brain lesions which cause ideomotor apraxia

Answer 23

Frontal and parietal

Question 24

Type of apraxia which involves the inability to coordinate and carry out facial movements

Answer 24

Buccofacial apraxia

Question 25

Area of brain lesion which causes buccofacial apraxia

Answer 25

Left inferior frontal lobe and insula

Question 26

Type of apraxia which involves loss of hand and finger dexterity

Answer 26

Limb-kinetic apraxia

Question 27

Area of brain lesion causing limb-kinetic apraxia

Answer 27

Dominant primary motor cortex

Question 28

Failure of object recognition despite normal visual perception

Answer 28

Visual object agnosia

Question 29

Area of brain lesion causing visual object agnosia

Answer 29

Bilateral occipitotemporal

Question 30

Inability to recognise familiar faces

Answer 30

Prosopagnosia

Question 31

Area of brain lesion causing acquired prosopagnosia

Answer 31

Fusiform gyrus

Question 32

Colour deficit where there is the loss of ability to discriminate colours

Answer 32

Achromatopsia

Question 33

Area of brain lesion causing achromatopsia

Answer 33

Left occipitotemporal damage (L PCA infarction)

Question 34

Colour deficit where there is loss of ability to retrieve knowledge about colours e.g. colour of a banana

Answer 34

Colour agnosia

Question 35

Area of brain lesion causing colour agnosia

Answer 35

Left occipitotemporal damage

Question 36

Colour deficit where there is inability to name colours

Answer 36

Colour anomia

Question 37

Brain lesion causing colour anomia

Answer 37

Disconnection of the language structures in the temporal lobe from the visual cortex

Question 38

Inability to read, write, and comprehend numbers

Answer 38

Acalculia

Question 39

Inability to perform mathematical calculations

Answer 39

Anarithmetrica

Question 40

Three features of Balint syndrome

Answer 40

Simultanagnosia Optic ataxia Oculomotor apraxia

Question 41

Area of brain lesion causing Balint syndrome

Answer 41

Bilateral superior parieto-occipital

Question 42

Four features of Gerstmann syndrome

Answer 42

Dysgraphia Dyscalculia Finger agnosia Right left disorientation

Question 43

Area of brain lesion causing Gerstmann syndrome

Answer 43

Dominant angular and supramarginal gyri of the parietal lobe

Question 44

Feature of Anton syndrome

Answer 44

Cortical blindness and denial of same

Question 45

Area of brain lesion causing Anton syndrome

Answer 45

Bilateral occipital damage

Question 46

Features of Marchiafava-Bignami disease

Answer 46

Sudden onset stupor and seizures | Occasionally chronic onset dementia and gait issues

Question 47

Substance associated with Marchiafava-Bignami disease

Answer 47

Red wine excess

Question 48

Area of brain lesion causing Marchiafava-Bignami disease

Answer 48

Symmetrical demyelination and necrosis of corpus callosum and adjacent anterior commissure

Question 49

Automatic behaviours which are correct, but inappropriate to the situation e.g. using a toothbrush that is in sight in the middle of a doctor's appointment, or taking a cigarette out of someone else's mouth and using it

Answer 49

Utilization behaviour

Question 50

Behaviour which imitates the examiner's behaviour

Answer 50

Imitation behaviour

Question 51

Behaviour where an object is repeatedly rubbed, held or manipulated

Answer 51

Manual groping behaviour

Question 52

Behaviour where there are bizarre hand movements the patient feels no control over

Answer 52

Alien hand sign

Question 53

Behaviour where there is an overreliance on environmental stimuli to guide behaviour

Answer 53

Environmental dependency syndrome