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Anatomy 6513 UNIT 2 > Skull, Face, Scalp > Flashcards

Skull, Face, Scalp Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 groups of skull bones?

A

Viscerocranium and Neurocranium

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2
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

cranial bones to protect brain (w/ meninges)

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3
Q

What bones are within the neurocranium?

A

8 bones

4 singular in midline (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital)

2 paired (temporal, parietal)

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4
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

facial bones that support the anterior cranium

Define the mouth, nose, and most of the orbit

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5
Q

The viscerocranium develops from ____

A

mesenchyme (pharyngeal arches)

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6
Q

What are the bones of the viscerocranium?

A

15 bones

3 singular in midline (ethmoid, vomer, mandible)

6 paired: maxilla, inferior nasal conchae, zygomatic bones, palatine bones, nasal bones, lacrimal bones

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7
Q

Bones are united via ___

A

sutures

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8
Q

Sutures are developmentally _____

A

synchondrosis joints filled with hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

Both maxillae and mandible have _____

A

alveolar processes (tooth sockets)

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10
Q

Main foramen in the mandible: ____

A

mental foramen

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11
Q

Main foramen in the maxilla: ____

A

infraorbital foramen

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12
Q

What are the main features of the mandible?

A 
coronoid process
condyloid process (for TMJ)
Head, neck, ramus, angle, body
Mandibular notch and foramen
Mylohyoid groove
Mental spines/genial tubercles (superior and inferior)
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13
Q

The frontal bone makes up the ____ of the orbit

A

roof

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14
Q

The zygomatic bone makes up the ____ of the orbit

A

lateral wall

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15
Q

The maxilla bone makes up the ____ of the orbit

A

floor and part of the medial wall

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16
Q

The lacrimal bone makes up the ____ of the orbit

A

medial wall

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17
Q

The ethmoid bone makes up the ____ of the orbit

A

medial wall

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18
Q

The sphenoid bone makes up the ____ of the orbit

A

posterior wall

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19
Q

The medial wall of the orbit is made up by:

A

maxilla, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone

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20
Q

What are the main 5 features of the orbit?

A 
supraorbital foramen/notch
optic canal (foramen)
superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure
lacrimal groove (nasolacrimal canal)
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21
Q

The supraorbital foramen/notch is located in the _____ of the orbit

A

superciliary arch

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22
Q

The optic canal (foramen) is located in the _____ of the orbit

A

medial wall

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23
Q

The superior orbital fissure is located in the _____ of the orbit

A

medial wall

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24
Q

The inferior orbital fissure is located in the _____ of the orbit

A

floor

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25
Q

The lacrimal groove (nasolacrimal canal) communicates betweeen what two structures?

A

between orbit and nasal cavity

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26
Q

What are nasal conchae?

A

projections from lateral walls in the nasal cavity

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27
Q

What are the 3 major nasal conchae and where are they projecting from?

A

conchae = turbinate

superior nasal conchae (ethmoid bone)
middle nasal conchae (ethmoid bone)
inferior nasal conchae (separate bone altogether)

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28
Q

What are the 3 fossae in the cranial vault?

What do they each hold?

A

anterior cranial fossa - holds frontal lobes

middle cranial fossa - holds temporal lobes

posterior cranial fossa - holds cerebellum and brainstem

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29
Q

Paranasal sinuses are spaces within ____

Explain this

A

spaces within the skull bones

these are internal bony features, so cannot be seen unless cut specifically or in radiographs/xrays

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30
Q

What are some functions of paranasal sinuses?

A

make bones lighter, adds resonance to voice

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31
Q

Paranasal sinuses are lined by ____

A

mucousal membrane

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32
Q

Paranasal sinuses are continuous with ____

A

nasal cavity

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33
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

2 frontal sinuses in frontal bone
3-13 ethmoid sinuses in ethmoid bone
2 sphenoid sinuses in sphenoid (can be 2-5)
2 maxillary sinuses in maxilla

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34
Q

What are the layers of the scalp from superficial to deep?

A

skin, dense connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, pericranium

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35
Q

Describe the skin of the scalp

A

thin except in occipital region

contain sebacious glands, sweat glands, hair follicles

abundant arterial supply, good venous and lymph drainage

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36
Q

Describe the dense connective tissue of the scalp

A

forms thick, dense, richly vascularized sub-cutaneous layer with cutaneous nn

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37
Q

Describe the aponeurosis of the scalp

A

strong, tendinous sheath covering calveria

attachment for frontal/occipital bellies of occipitofrontalis muscle and superior auricular muscle

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38
Q

epicranial aponeurosis aka ___

A

galea aponeurosis

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39
Q

What is the musculoaponeurotic epicranius?

A

the muscles and the epicranial aponeurosis of the scalp

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40
Q

What makes up the scalp proper?

A

skin, dense connective tissue, epicranial aponeurosis

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41
Q

Describe the loose connective tissue of the scalp

A

Sponge-like layer, potential spaces that may distend with fluid due to injury

allows free movement of scalp proper over underlying calvaria

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42
Q

Describe the pericranium of the scalp

A

dense layer of connective tissue forms external periosteum of neurocranium which is firmly attached

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43
Q

Describe injury to the dense connective layer of the scalp

A

bleeding profusely

can quickly lead to fatality

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44
Q

Describe injury to the aponeurotic layer of the scalp

A

wide gaping of aponeurosis

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45
Q

Describe injury to the loose connective tissue layer of the scalp

A

DANGER SPACE
infection can spread easily

travels quickly through cranial cavity through EMISSARY VEINS to meninges

fluid can move anteriorly to eyelids and to the roof of the nose

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46
Q

What is the main muscle of the scalp? What is it made up of?

A

occipitofrontalis muscle

made up of the frontalis m., epicranial aponeurotica (aka galea aponeurotica) and occipitalis m.

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47
Q

What is the action of occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

moves scalp backwards/forwards

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48
Q

What are the muscles of the ears? What are their actions?

A

3 auricular muscles

anterior auricular action: protracts ear
superior auricular action: elevates ear
posterior auricular action: retracts ear

49
Q

Are the auricular muscles superficial or deep?

A

all 3 auricular muscles (anterior, posterior, superior) are superficial

50
Q

The face extends from ____ to ____

A

from forehead –> chin

from ear –> ear

51
Q

All facial muscles attach to ____

A

either bone or loose connective tissue

52
Q

is there deep fascia of the face?

A

no.

because all facial muscles attach to either bone or connective tissue

53
Q

all muscles of the face insert on ____

A

skin!

54
Q

What are the 3 facial muscles located around the eye?

A

frontalis muscle
corrugator supercilli muscle
orbicularis oculi muscle

55
Q

Frontalis muscle

  • Where located?
  • Action?
A

forehead
around eyes

action: raise eyebrows “surprise” look

56
Q

Corrugator supercilli muscle

  • Where located?
  • Action?
A

Just superior to eye
*important for botox

action: draws eyebrows in “furrowing”

57
Q

Orbicularis oculi muscle

  • Where located?
  • Action?
A

located around the eye
(has orbital portion and palpebral portion)

action: closes the eye

58
Q

What are the 3 facial muscles around the nasal region?

A

procerus muscle, nasalis muscle, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi m.

59
Q

Procerus muscle

  • Where located?
  • Action?
A

vertically oriented muscle on bridge of nose

action: wrinkles bridge of nose

60
Q

Nasalis muscle

  • Where located?
  • Action?
A

two portions: transverse part and alar part

transverse part is located above nostrils

alar part is located just inferior to nostrils

action: compress and dilate the nostrils

61
Q

Levator labii superioris alaque nasi m

- Action?

A

dilates nostrils and connects nostrils to upper lip

this is why your upper lip raises when you wrinkle your nose

62
Q

Orbicularis Oris m

  • Where located?
  • Action?
A

SUPERFICIAL M
Located around the mouth

action: closes the mouth

63
Q

Levator labii superioris m

  • Where located?
  • Action?
A

SUPERFICIAL M
Comes straight up off of orbicularis oris towards orbicularis oculi

action: elevates upper lip

64
Q

Zygomaticus major/minor m

  • Where located?
  • Action?
A

SUPERFICIAL M
Zygomatic minor over major
Both come off of orbicularis oris and pass zygomatic arch

Major is much broader than minor

action: draws mouth upward

65
Q

Risorius muscle

  • Where located?
  • Action?
A

SUPERFICIAL M
Comes off of commissure of mouth heading posterior

retracts corner (commissure of mouth)

66
Q

Mentalis muscle

  • Where located?
  • Action?
A

SUPERFICIAL M
Located at the chin
Most medial facial muscle
Muscle sticks straight out

action protrudes lower lio

67
Q

Buccinator muscle

  • Where located?
  • Action?
A

DEEP M
Located coming laterally out from mouth heading posterior

Action: compresses cheek and assists with mastication

68
Q

Levator anguli oris m

  • Where located?
  • Action?
A

elevates angle of the mouth

located at commissure of mouth heading superiorly

69
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication?

A

temporalis muscle, masseter muscle, medial pterygoid muscle, lateral pterygoid muscle

70
Q

Temporalis muscle action

A

elevates and retracts mandible

71
Q

Masseter muscle action

A

elevates and clenches mandible

72
Q

Medial pterygoid muscle action

A

elevates, protracts and rotates mandible

73
Q

Lateral pterygoid muscle action

A

protrudes and rotates mandible

74
Q

Describe the insertion points of medial pterygoid muscle vs lateral pterygoid muscle

A

both are relatively medial or lateral on the LATERAL PTERYGOID PLATE

75
Q

Trigeminal supplies _____ (sensory/motor) innervation to ____ (area)

A

sensory to face and anterior scalp

76
Q

Cervical nerve (C2-3) supplies _____ (sensory/motor) innervation to ____ (area)

A

sensory to back/head, ears, jaw

77
Q

Facial nerve supplies _____ (sensory/motor) innervation to ____ (area)

A

motor to mm of facial expression

78
Q

Mandibular CN V3 supplies _____ (sensory/motor) innervation to ____ (area)

A

motor to mm of mastication

79
Q

What are the branches off of CN V1? Where do they innervate?

A

OPTHALMIC BRANCHES:

  1. supraorbital (central forehead)
  2. supratrochlear (medial forehead)
  3. infratrochlear (upper nose)
  4. external nasal (lower nose)
  5. lacrimal n (lateral brow)
80
Q

What are the branches of CN V2? Where do they innervate?

A

MAXILLARY BRANCHES:

  1. zygomaticotemporal nerve (temple)
  2. zygomaticofacial nerve (upper cheek)
  3. infraorbital nerve (maxilla/upper lip)
81
Q

What are the branches of CN V3? Where do they innervate?

A

MANDIBULAR BRANCHES:

  1. auriculotemporal nerve (ear, temple)
  2. buccal nerve (lower cheek)
  3. mental nerve (chin/lower ilp)
82
Q

Where is the parotid gland located?

A

anterior/inferior to ear

83
Q

What is the action of the parotid duct?

A

to transmit saliva from gland

84
Q

Parotid duct aka ____

A

stensen’s duct

85
Q

Parotid duct crosses ___ muscle, 1-2cm below ____

A

crosses masseter muscle, 1-2cm below zygomatic arch

86
Q

After crossing masseter muscle, parotid duct turns __ degrees and pierces ____

A

turns 90degrees to pierce buccinator muscle

87
Q

Parotid duct opens in what location?

A

in oral cavity opposite 2nd molar

88
Q

The opening of stensen’s duct is marked by ____

A

parotid papillae

89
Q

Any inflammation of the parotid duct is extremely painful. Why?

A

because connective tissue is continuous with deep cervical fascia

90
Q

Describe calculus formation in the parotid gland?

A

stones in the gland are associated with chronic parotiditis

can occur in all 3 salivary glands (submandibular is most likely)

91
Q

Describe salivary fistulas

A

openings

most can close spontaneously

but some need a duct ligation

92
Q

Describe a neoplasm as it relates to parotid gland/duct

A

neoplasm = abnormal growth of tissue as in cancer

85-90% of mixed tumors are involved with the parotid
gland

93
Q

Describe Frey’s Syndrome

A

GUSTATORY SWEATING
sweating is thru sympathetic innervation
salivating is through parasympathetic innervation

following surgery, nerves try to reorganize themselves and mess up so instead of salivating, you sweat

94
Q

Main trunk of CN 7 enters ___ and bifurcates into….

A

partoid gland

bifurcates into SUPERIOR TEMPORAFACIAL NERVE and INFERIOR CERVICOFACIAL NERVE

95
Q

CN 7 gives rise to….

what do these branches innervate?

A
  1. temporal nerve (superior to temples)
  2. zygomatic nerve (inferior to arch)
  3. buccal nerve (medial to buccinator)
  4. mandibular nerve (along inferior mandible)
  5. cervical nerve (inferior to platysma muscle)
  6. posteror auricular nerve (posterior to lower ear)
96
Q

The facial nerve can be inflamed at what foramen?

A

stylomastoid foramen

97
Q

Inflammation of the facial nerve can be caused by what?

A

edema and compression of nerve in facial canal

98
Q

Describe bell’s palsy

A

most common non-traumatic cause of facial paralysis

99
Q

The buccal fat pad is located anterior to what muscle?

A

masseter muscle

100
Q

Buccal fat pad covers ___ muscle medially

A

buccinator

101
Q

Buccal fat pad protects ____

A

parotid duct and buccal branch of cranial nerve 7

102
Q

What helps give cheeks “fuller” appearance

A

buccal fat pad

103
Q

What are the 2 “buccal nerves”?

A

buccal nerve of CN 7

buccal nerve of CN 5

104
Q

What does buccal nerve from CN 7 supply?

A

MOTOR innervation to buccinator muscle

105
Q

buccal branch of CN 7 travels lateral to what muscle?

A

masseter muscle

106
Q

What does buccal branch of CN V3 supply?

A

SENSORY innervation to buccal mucosa/skin of cheek

107
Q

Buccal branch of CN V3 pierces ____

A

buccinator muscle BUT DOES NOT SUPPLY IT

108
Q

Long buccal nerve aka ____

A

buccal branch of CN V3

109
Q

Superficial temporal artery is a branch of _____

A

external carotid artery

110
Q

Superficial temporal vein drains into ___

A

retromandibular vein

111
Q

Superficial temporal artery/vein run anterior to ____ towards the ___ region

A

anterior to ear towards the temporal region

112
Q

Superficial temporal artery/vein travel with what nerve?

A

auriculotemporal nerve

113
Q

Transverse facial artery/vein are branches off of _____ vessels

A

superficial temporal vessels

114
Q

Transverse facial vessels cross over masseter muscle between what 2 structures

A

zygomatic arch and parotid duct

115
Q

Transverse facial vessels supply blood to what regions?

A

upper cheek region (parotid gland, duct, masseter muscle)

116
Q

Facial artery runs ___ to facial vein

A

anterior

117
Q

Facial vessels both cross ____

A

mandible and anterior border of masseter muscle

118
Q

Where can facial artery be palpated easily?

A

at anterior mandible of masseter muscle

Anatomy 6513 UNIT 2 (14 decks)

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