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Anatomy 6513 UNIT 2 > Orbit > Flashcards

Orbit Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 layers of the conjunctiva

A

palpebral and bulbar

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2
Q

Describe the palpebral conjunctiva

A

membrane of the inner eyelid

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3
Q

Describe the bulbar conjunctiva

A

membrane of the actual eyeball

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4
Q

What is the potential space called between the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva?

A

conjunctival sac

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5
Q

Define the conjunctiva sac

A

The potential space between the palpebral conjunctiva and bulbar conjunctiva

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6
Q

Define the palpebral fissure

A

the slit between the 2 eyelids

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7
Q

The palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva are connected at the ___

A

fornices

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8
Q

What cranial nerves open/close the eye?

A

cn 3 = opens the eye

cn 7 = closes the eye

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9
Q

What are the 4 sets of ligaments/tendons that support the eyelid?

A

medial/lateral palpebral ligament
superior/inferior tarsus
tendon of levator palpebrae superioris m
orbital septum

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10
Q

Describe where the medial/lateral palpebral ligaments are found

A

they are found on medial/lateral commisures of the eyelid projecting laterally

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11
Q

Describe where the superior and inferior tarsus are found

A

They are an inner circle around the eyeball

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12
Q

Describe where the orbital septum is found

A

The orbital septum is found as an outer circle around the superior/inferior tarsus

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13
Q

Describe where the tendon of levator palpebrae superioris is found

A

projecting upwards from the upper palpebra

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14
Q

What travels through the optic canal?

A

CN 2 and opthalmic a

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15
Q

What travels through the superior orbital fissure

A

CN 3, 4, 6, V1, opthalmic vv

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16
Q

What travels through supra-orbital notch?

A

supra-orbital n and artery

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17
Q

What travels through inferior orbital fissure?

A

infra-orbital nerve and a

zygomatic n and a

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18
Q

What travels through infra-orbital formmen?

A

infra-orbital n and a

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19
Q

Infra-orbital nerve is a branch off of ____

A

CN V2

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20
Q

What travels through anterior./posterior ethmoidal foramen?

A

anterior/posterior ethmoidal n., a.

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21
Q

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves are a branch off of ___

A

CN V1

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22
Q

What are the main structures found on the medial wall of the bony orbit?

A 
anterior ethmoidal foramen
posterior ethmoidal foramen
optic canal
superior orbital fissure
inferior orbital fissure
fossa of lacrimal sac
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23
Q

If you pierce the orbit’s roof, you enter ___

A

anterior cranial fossa (frontal lobe)

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24
Q

If you pierce the orbit’s floor, you enter ___

A

maxillary sinus

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25
Q

If you pierce the orbit’s medial wall, you enter ____

A

ethmoidal air cells

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26
Q

If you pierce the orbit’s lateral wall, you enter the ___

A

temporal fossa

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27
Q

If you pierce the orbit’s superior orbital fissure, you pierce the ____

A

middle cranial fossa

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28
Q

What are the 2 main portions of the OUTER eye?

A

cornea and sclera

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29
Q

T/F: Cornea and sclera are made up of the same molecular composition

A

True

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30
Q

If cornea and sclera are made up of the same molecular composition, why is the cornea transparent and the sclera is not?

A

cornea ECM proteins are all aligned parallel (think: light polarization)

sclera ECM proteins are not aligned parallel to e/o

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31
Q

Why is the sclera thick?

A

because it is the point of attachment for extraoccular muscles

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32
Q

What are the 4 components of the MIDDLE eye?

A

choroid
iris
pupil
ciliary body

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33
Q

What is the vascular later of the eye?

why?

A

middle eye = vascular layer

because CHOROID - ciliary aa and vorticose vv

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34
Q

Describe the choroid in the middle eye

A

thin layer of ciliary aa and vorticose vv

this is why the middle eye is high vascularized

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35
Q

Vorticose vv and ciliary aa are found in the ___ of the eye

A

choroid

middle eye

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36
Q

What part of middle eye is responsible for accomodation of the lens?

A

ciliary body (smooth muscles responsible for accomodation of the eye)

dilator pupillae m
sphincter pupillae m

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37
Q

Describe the difference in dilator pupillae and sphincter pupillae

A

dilator pupillae = radiating spokes

sphincter pupillae = circular around pupil

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38
Q

How do dilator pupillae m and sphincter pupillae m connect to the lens?

A

zonular ligaments

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39
Q

Zonular ligaments connect __ to __

A

ciliary body mm to the lens

for accomodation

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40
Q

What is the iris?

A

colored smooth muscle behind the cornea that controls pupil size

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41
Q

What is the colored smooth muscle of the eye?

A

the iris

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42
Q

What is the pupil?

A

adjustable aperture through which light enters

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43
Q

Which part of the middle eye is adjustable aperture through which light enters

A

the pupil

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44
Q

What are the 4 components of the inner eye?

A

retina
macula lutea
fovea centralis
optic disc

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45
Q

Describe the retinas

A

neural layer which receives light rays and converts it into a neural stimulus

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46
Q

Describe the macula lutea

A

Part of the retina

OVAL region for visual acuity

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47
Q

Macula lutea is visible on the retina because it is ___

A

oval shaped
has a dip inwards on the retina

(macula lutea is for visual acuity)

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48
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

fovea centralis is the highest level of visual acuity (most accurate) on the retina

it is part of the macula lutea

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49
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

the part of the inner eye where CN 2 and retinal vessels enter/exit

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50
Q

What enters/exits at the optic disc?

A

CN 2 and retinal vessels

51
Q

Dilator pupillae m. / Sphincter pupillae m.

Which is sympathetic/parasympathetic?

A

sphincter pupillae - parasympathetic

dilator pupillae - sympathetic innervation

52
Q

sympathetics of dilator pupillae come from ___

A

internal carotid plexus

53
Q

parasympathetics of sphincter pupillae come from ___

A

ciliary ganglion

54
Q

What 4 components of the eye play a part in refraction?

A

1 cornea
2 lens
3 acqueous humor
4 vitreous humor (body)

55
Q

Most refraction in the eye takes place in the ___

A

cornea

56
Q

___ focuses light rays for near/distant objects on the retina (plays role in refraction)

A

lens

57
Q

What liquid is between the cornea and the lens?

A

acqeous humor

58
Q

What liquid is between the lens and the retina?

A

vitreous humor (body)

59
Q

The anterior and posterior chambers are where?

A

PART OF ACQEOUS HUMOR

anterior chamber - bw cornea and iris

posterior chamber - bw iris and ciliary body

60
Q

Describe the composition of aqeous humor vs vitreous humor?

A

aqueous humor - watery anterior to lens

vitreous humor (body) - gelatinous posterior to lens

61
Q

Watery aqueous humor travels in which direction through the chambers?

How does it go backwards?

A

travels posterior to anterior

travels anterior to posterior through canal of schlemm (blockage = glaucoma)

62
Q

What are the 4 components of the lacrimal apparatus?

A

1 lacrimal gland
2 lacrimal canaliculi
3 lacrimal sac
4 nasolacrimal duct

63
Q

Where on the eye is the lacrimal gland found?

A

superolaterally

64
Q

What are the parts of the lacrimal gland?

A

orbital part

palpebral part

65
Q

Lacrimal gland produces ___.

What are these for? How do they travel?

A

lacrimal fluid (tears)
used for lubrication
travel inferomedially

66
Q

Describe lacrimal canaliculi

What are the parts?

A

superior and inferior lacrimal canaliculi (separate parts)

openings of canaliculi: PUNCTA
transports tears from canaliculi -> lacrimal lake -> lacrimal sac

67
Q

Lacrimal canaliculi transport lacrimal fluid from to __

A

lacrimal sac

68
Q

What are the puncta? Where are they found?

A

puncta are the openings of the lacrimal canaliculi

transport tears from lacrimal lake -> lacrimal sac

69
Q

The lacrimal sac drains tears into ___

A

nasolacrimal duct

70
Q

Nasolacrimal duct drains tears into ___

A

nasolacrimal canal (opens underneath the inferior nasal conchae)

71
Q

The nasolacrimal canal is located ___

A

underneath the inferior nasal conchae

72
Q

Name all of the extra-ocular mms

A 
levator palpebrae superioris m
superior rectus m
inferior rectus m
lateral rectus m
medial rectus m
superior oblique m
inferior oblique m
73
Q

All extraocular muscles except for ____ insert onto the ___

A

all extraocular muscles except for levator palpebrae superioris insert onto the sclera of the eye

74
Q

Action of levator palpebrae superioris m

A

raises upper eyelid

75
Q

Action of superior rectus muscle

A

elevates/adducts the eye

76
Q

Action of inferior rectus muscle

A

depresses/adducts the eye

77
Q

Action of lateral rectus muscle

A

abducts eye

78
Q

Action of medial rectus muscle

A

adducts eye

79
Q

Action of superior oblique muscle

A

depress, abduct, medially rotate eye

80
Q

Action of inferior oblique muscle

A

elevate, abduct, laterally rotate eye

81
Q

What is the formula for motor innervation of extraocular mm

A

LR6(SO4)R3

82
Q

CN 3 innervates which extraocular mm

A 
levator palpebrae superioris
superior rectus
inferior rectus
middle rectus
inferior oblique
83
Q

CN 6 innervates which extraoccular mm

A

lateral rectus

84
Q

CN 4 innervates which extraoccular mm

A

superior oblique m

85
Q

CN 3 innervates most of the extraoccular mm, and WHAT ELSE

A

provides parasympathetics to ciliary gangion

86
Q

Why do we test each extraocular mm individually?

A

to see if the damage is to a single CN or a single muscle

87
Q

If the eye is in NEUTRAL position, we are testing ___ mm

A

lateral rectus and medial rectus

88
Q

If the eye is ABDUCTING, we are testing ____ mm

A

superior and inferior rectus mm

89
Q

If the eye is ADDUCTING, we are testing ____ mm

A

superior and inferior oblique mm

90
Q

Nerve fibers of the optic nerve run between __ and __

A

eye and optic chiasm

91
Q

Nerve fibers of the optic chiasm are found where

A

in the X shaped portion of the anterior cranial vault, intermingling of fibers

92
Q

Nerve fibers of the optic tract are found between __ and __

A

optic chiasm and brain

93
Q

temporal and nasal visual fields:

which cross and which remain ipsilateral?

A

nasal visual fields remain ipsilateral

temporal visual fields cross at optic chiasm

94
Q

A lesion at the optic nerve leads to __

A

total blindness of that eye

95
Q

A lesion at the optic chiasm leads to ___

A

peripheral blindness

96
Q

A lesion at the optic tract leads to ___

A

ipsilateral nasal vision lost

contralateral temporal vision lost

97
Q

Ciliary ganglion receives 3 types of fibers. what are they?

A

sensory fibers
pre-synaptic parasympathetic fibers
post-synaptic sympathetic fibers

98
Q

the sensory fibers going into ciliary ganglion come from what root?

A

nasociliary root

99
Q

the pre-synaptic parasympathetic fibers going into ciliary ganglion come from ___ via what root?

A

CN 3 via parsympathetic (occulomotor) root

100
Q

the post-synaptic sympathetic fibers going into ciliary gangion come from ___ via what root?

A

internal carotid plexus via sympathetic root

101
Q

The sympathetic fibers going into ciliary ganglion are post-sympathetic. why?

A

because sympathetic!

has already synapsed in superior cervical ganglion!

102
Q

The pupillary light reflex tests which CN ?

A

2 and 3

103
Q

During pupillary light reflex, if an eye remains dilated, this shows there is a lesion ___

A

in CN 3 parasympathetic pathway

104
Q

What are the main 7 arteries of the eye/orbit?

A 
opthalmic a
posterior ciliary aa
central retina aa
ethmoida aa
supraorbital a 
supratrochlear a
lacrimal a
105
Q

Which artery gives rise to all aa of the eye?

A

opthalmic a

106
Q

Posterior ciliary aa supplies ___

A

outer/middle layers of the eye

107
Q

Central retinal aa supplies __

A

inner retinal layer of the eye

108
Q

Ethmoidal aa supplies __

A

anterior cranial fossa, sinuses, nose

109
Q

Supraorbital a supplies ___

A

central forehead

110
Q

Supratrochlear a supplies ___

A

medial forehead

111
Q

Lacrimal a supplies ___

A

lacrimal gland

112
Q

What are the 3 main divisions of V1 in the orbit?

A

NFL:
nasociliary nerve
frontal nerve
lacrimal nerve

113
Q

What are the branches of nasociliary nerve?

A

ethmoidal nerve
infratrochelear nerve
long ciliary nerve

114
Q

Which nerve provides sympathetics and sensory innervation to posterior eye?

A

long ciliary nerve (branch off of nasociliary nerve, first division of CN V1)

115
Q

What are the branches of frontal nerve?

A

supra-orbital nerve

supra-trochlear nerve

116
Q

What does lacrimal nerve supply?

A

lacrimal gland and conjunctiva

117
Q

What are the 2 main veins of the ORBIT?

A

superior opthalmic vein

inferior opthalmic vein

118
Q

superior opthalmic vein and inferior opthalmic vein join with facial vein to drain into ___

A

cavernous sinus

AFTER JOINING WITH FACIAL VEIN

119
Q

superior opthalmic vein and inferior opthalmic vein join with ____ to drain into cavernous sinus

A

facial vein

120
Q

What are the 2 main veins of the EYEBALL

A

central retinal vein

vorticose vein

121
Q

What does central retinal vein drain?

What does it drain into?

A

drains retina

drains into cavernous sinus

122
Q

What does vorticose vein drain?

What does it drain into?

A

vorticose vein drains vascular layer of eye

drains into superior/inferior opthalmic veins (eventually into cavernous sinus)

123
Q

You can detect ____ at the optic disc.

Why?

A

intercranial pressure

because the sclera is continuous with the dura

Anatomy 6513 UNIT 2 (14 decks)

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