Gross Brain Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 main functions of the overall brain?
A
stimulates movement
maintains homeostasis
produces thought
2
Q
How does the brain stimulate movement (general)
A
via sensory/motor input
3
Q
How does the brain maintain homeostasis (general)
A
maintains homeostasis between internal and external environemnt
4
Q
How does the brain produce thought (general)
A
intelligence related processes including memory
5
Q
Frontal lobe main function
A
primary motor and personality
6
Q
Parietal lobe main function
A
primary sensory and integration
7
Q
Occipital lobe main function
A
primary visual
8
Q
Temporal lobe main function
A
memory areas, auditory, speech, olfactory
9
Q
Cerebellum main function
A
fine motor coordination
10
Q
Pons main function
A
houses CN nuclei
Contains tracts between cerebrum and cerebellum
11
Q
Medulla oblongata main function
A
maintain blood pressure and respiration
12
Q
Where is the central sulcus?
A
between frontal and parietal lobes
13
Q
Where is the parieto-occipital sulcus?
A
between parietal and occipital lobe
14
Q
Where is the lateral fissure/sulcus?
A
between temporal and frontal lobes
15
Q
Where is the longitudinal fissure?
A
between the 2 hemispheres
16
Q
What main structures are found in medial brian?
A
corpus callosum thalamus hypothalamus pituitary gland pinneal gland mammillary bodies
17
Q
What is the corpus callosum
A
fibers connecting the 2 hemispheres
18
Q
What is the thalamus
A
relay station for all CN sensory except olfactory
19
Q
What is the hypothalamsu
A
center for autonomics/endocrine function
20
Q
What is the pituitary gland
A
Master gland of homeostasis
21
Q
What is the pinneal gland
A
center for sleep-wake cycles
22
Q
What are the mammillary bodies
A
Nuclei related to emotions
23
Q
What are the 2 main systems for arterial supply to the brain?
A
internal carotid arterial system
vertebrobasilar arterial system
24
Q
Internal carotid arterial system and vertebrobasilar arterial system are interconnected via ____
A
circle of willis
25
Circle of willis is found at the ___ of the brain
base
26
Internal Carotid artery ascends ___
the neck and the base of the skull
27
Internal Carotid artery enters ___ and makes a 90 degree turn
carotid canal
28
Internal carotid artery enters the carotid canal and then ____
makes a 90 degree turn
29
Internal carotid artery enters carotid canal, makes 90 degree turn and then ascends ____
superior foramen lacerum
30
Internal carotid artery enters carotid canal, makes 90 degree turn, ascends superior foramen lacerum, enters ____
cavernous sinus --> cranial cavity
31
What does the internal carotid artery supply (general_
anterior and middle brain
32
Internal carotid artery gives off ___ branch before bifurcating into terminal branches
opthalmic artery
33
Opthalmic artery is a branch off of ____
internal carotid artery
| Before bifurcation into anterior/middle cerebral arteries
34
Internal carotid artery terminates as ___
middle cerebral a.
| anterior cerebral a
35
Anteriror cerebral artery communicates via ___
anterior communicating artery
36
Internal carotid artery anastomoses with ____
posterior communicating artery
37
Vertebral arteries (R/L) ascend through _____
transverse formane of C6 and above
38
Vertebral arteries (R/L) ascend through transverse foramen of what vertebral levels?
C6 and above
39
Vertebral arteries run along ____
lateral medulla
40
Vertebral arteries meet at the pons and form ___
basilar artery
41
The basilar artery is formed by the fusing of ____. Where?
fusing of vertebral arteries @ pons
42
vertebral arteries give off 3 main branches
anterior spinal artery
posterior spinal artery
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
43
Anterior spinal artery is a branch of ____
| What does it supply
branch of vertebral artery
| Supplies anterior 2/3 of spinal cord
44
Posterior spinal artery is a branch of ___
| What does it supply
branch of vertebral artery
| Supplies posterior 1/3
45
Basilar artery gives off 4 main branches and then terminates. What are the branches?
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
labyrinthe artery
pontine arter
superior cerebellar artery
46
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery is a branch of ___
| anterior inferior cerebellar artery is a branch of ___
posterior inferior cerebellar is from verteberal a
| anterior inferior cerebellar is from basilar a
47
labyrinthe a supplies ___
ear
48
The basilar arteries terminal bifurcation results in ____
posterior cerebral arteries
49
What arteries are a part of circle of willis?
```
anterior communicating a
anterior cerebral a
internal carotid
middle cerebelra
posterior communcating a
posterior cerebral
```
50
anterior cerebral a. supplies ___ brain
anterior and medial cerebrum
51
middle cerebral a. supplies __ brain
anterior and lateral cerebrum
52
posterior cerebral a. supplies ___ brain
posterior inferior cerebrum
53
What 3 bones contribute to the anterior cranial fossa?
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
54
What part of the sphenoid contributes to the anterior cranial fossa?
lesser wing
55
Anterior cranial fossa:
| what is the anterior clinoid process?
hangs off of the sphenoid bone
56
What are the foramen on the ethmoid bone found in the anterior cranial fossa?
cribiform plate
foramen cecum
anterior ethmoidal foramen
posterior ethmoidal foramen
57
Anterior cranial fossa:
| What is transmitted through the cribiform plate
CN 1 fibers
58
Anterior cranial fossa
| what is transmitted through foramen cecum?
emissary veins going form nasal cavity to the superior sagittal sinus
59
emissary veins going form the nasal cavity to the superior sagittal sinus go through what foramen
what cranial fossa is this in?
foramen cecum of the ethmoid bone
this is anterior cranial fossa
60
Anterior ethmoidal foramen and posterior ethmoidal foramen transmit ____
anterior ethmoidal and posterior ethmoidal a., n., v.
61
Anterior / posterior ethmoidal foramen are best seen through what view?
the orbit
62
What 3 bones contribute to the middle cranial fossa?
sphenoid, temporal, parietal
63
The middle cranial fossa runs from ___ of the sphenoid bone to the ___ of temporal bone
lesser wing of sphenoid to the petrous portion of the temporal bone
64
MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:
| What is the chiasmatic sulcus?
where the optic chiasm sits (just above the sella turcica)
65
MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:
| What is the optic canal?
immediately lateral to the chiasmatic sulcus
| transmits CN 2
66
MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:
| What is the hypophyseal fossa
aka sella turcica aka pituitary fossa
this is where the pituitary gland sits
67
What structures of the ethmoid bone are noticeable in teh anterior cranial fossa?
crista galli and cribiform plate
| superior portions
68
MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:
| What is the dorsum sellae?
posterior to pituitary fossa, raised piece of bone
69
MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:
| What is the superior orbital fissure?
transmits CN 3, 4, 6 and opthalmic v
70
MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:
| What is the foramen rotundum?
transmits CN V2 maxillary
71
MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:
| What is the foramen lacerum?
internal carotid transmits superior to this
| covered by fibrocartilage plug
72
MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:
| What is foramen ovale?
Transmits V3
73
MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:
| What is foramen spinosum?
for middle meningel a.
74
The posterior cranial fossa runs from __ to __
from petrous portion of temporal bone to occipital bone
75
POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA:
| What is transmitted through the internal acoustic meatus?
CN 7, 8
76
POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA:
| What is transmitted through jugular foramen?
CN 9, 10, 11, internal jugular vein
77
POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA:
| What is transitted through foramen magnum?
spinal cord and vertebral vessels
78
POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA:
| What is transmitted through hypoglossal canal?
CN 12
79
Describe the dura mater
outer tough layer
| 2 layers: periosteal layer and meningeal layer
80
Describe the periosteal layer of the dura mater
rough outer layer that is adherent to the skull
forms the endocranium
81
Describe the meningeal layer of the dura mater
smooth inner layer covering the arachnoid layer
82
Describe the arachnoid
intermediate web-like membrane
83
Describe the pia mater (general)
inner delicate layer
84
Middle meningeal arteries supply what
dural vasulature anteriorly
85
anterior meningeal artery is a branch off of __
anterior ethmoidal artery
86
Middle meningeal artery of dural supply branches into 2:
frontal branch and parietal branch
87
What happens if middle meningeal artery is injured?
tearing leads to quick epidural (extradural) and hematoma (bleeding between dura and skull)
88
Define a hematoma
bleeding between dura and skull
89
An expanding hematoma leads to ___
increased and fatal pressure to the brain
90
What is the most common way for middle meningeal artery to be perforated?
fracture to PTERION tears frontal branch of middle meningeal artery which crosses pterion
91
If the pterion is broken, what dural supply branch is hit?
frontal branch of middle meaningeal artery
92
Dura innervation is supplied by ___
trigeminal branch and C2-3 branches
93
___ branch of CN V1 supplies dural innervation
___ branch of CN V2 supplies dural innervation
___ branch of CN V3 supplies dural innervation
anterior ethmoidal branch from CN V1
and tentorial nerve (recurrent, posterior)
meningeal branch of CN V2
meningeal branch of CN V3
94
What is the anterior ethmoidal nerve a branch of? What does it supply?
CN V1, supplies anterior cranial fossa DURA
95
What is tentorial nerve a branch of? What does it supply?
CN V1 recurrent branch
| supplies more posterior aspects of DURA
96
C2-C3 supply dural innervation to ____
posterior cranial fossa floor
97
Dural folds are made up of ____ layer
meningeal layer of dura mater
| 2 layers each
98
What are the main 4 dural folds
falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
tentorium cerebelli
diaphargma sellae
99
What is falx cerebri?
a dural fold between the 2 cerebral hemisphers
100
What is falx cerebelli?
a dural fold between the 2 cerebellar hemispheres
101
What is tentorium cerebelli?
a dural fold between the cerebellum adnd cerebrum
102
What is diaphragma sellae?
a dural fold between the brain and pituitary gland
103
When 2 dural layers split this becomes =
dural venous sinus
104
Dural venous drainage comes from what veins?
emissary veins, cerebellar veins, cerebral veins, diploic veins
105
What course do sinuses drain in?
anterior to posterior
106
The superior sagittal sinus joins with the straight sinus to drian into ___
the confludnce of sinus
107
the inferior sagittal sinus is located ____
at the inferior margin of falx cerebri
108
The inferior sagittal sinus joins with great cerebral veins to drain into ____
straight sinus
109
What drains into straight sinus?
inferior sagittal sinus
| and great cerebral veins
110
Straight sinus joins with ___ to drain into the confludnce of sinus
superior sagittal sinus
111
Sphenoparietal sinus is located __
between sphenoid and parietal
112
Cavernous sinus is located where?
1 on each side
| lateral to the pituitary gland
113
The 2 cavernous sinuses are interconnected via ___
intercavernous sinus
114
What is located within the cavernous sinus?
internal carotid artery and CN 6
115
What is sheathed within the walls of the cavernous sinus?
CN 3, 4, V1, V2
116
If the cavernous sinus ruptures, what is the most adverse affect?
then ICA ruptures which would result in an ARTERIOVENOS FISTULA
117
What is the most common way to get an arteriovenous fistula?
damage to the base of the skull ruptures cavernous sinus (and ICA within)
118
Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses are found ____
superior and inferior to the dorsum sella in the middle cranial fossa
119
Confluence of sinuses gets drainage from ____
superior sagittal sinus and straight sinus
120
Confluence of sinus drains out the ___
transverse sinus
121
Transverse sinus drains out the ___
sigmoid sinus
122
Arachnoid mater is vascularized or nonvascularized?
non vascularized
123
Arachnoid mater and pia mater both cover ____
all surfaces of fissures and sulci on the brain
124
___ in a web-like process extending downward
arachnoid mater
125
deep to arachnoid mater is
subarachnoid space
126
Subarachnoid space contains ___
CSF
127
how does subarachnoid space act as a shock absorber?
because it forms a fluid cushion over the gyri and sulci
128
What vessels are found in the subarachnoid space?
cerebral and cerebellar arteries/veins
129
Where are arachnoid granulations found?
in the subarachnoid space
130
What are arachnoid granulations?
projections of arachnoid into the superior sagittal sinus
they drain CSF into the venous system
131
Drainage at the arachnoid granulations occurs via ____
passive pressure gradient
132
Pia mater is pierced by ____
vessels that supply the brain
