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Anatomy 6513 UNIT 2 > Gross Brain > Flashcards

Gross Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the overall brain?

A

stimulates movement
maintains homeostasis
produces thought

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2
Q

How does the brain stimulate movement (general)

A

via sensory/motor input

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3
Q

How does the brain maintain homeostasis (general)

A

maintains homeostasis between internal and external environemnt

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4
Q

How does the brain produce thought (general)

A

intelligence related processes including memory

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5
Q

Frontal lobe main function

A

primary motor and personality

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6
Q

Parietal lobe main function

A

primary sensory and integration

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7
Q

Occipital lobe main function

A

primary visual

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8
Q

Temporal lobe main function

A

memory areas, auditory, speech, olfactory

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9
Q

Cerebellum main function

A

fine motor coordination

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10
Q

Pons main function

A

houses CN nuclei

Contains tracts between cerebrum and cerebellum

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11
Q

Medulla oblongata main function

A

maintain blood pressure and respiration

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12
Q

Where is the central sulcus?

A

between frontal and parietal lobes

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13
Q

Where is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

A

between parietal and occipital lobe

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14
Q

Where is the lateral fissure/sulcus?

A

between temporal and frontal lobes

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15
Q

Where is the longitudinal fissure?

A

between the 2 hemispheres

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16
Q

What main structures are found in medial brian?

A 
corpus callosum
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pinneal gland
mammillary bodies
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17
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

fibers connecting the 2 hemispheres

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18
Q

What is the thalamus

A

relay station for all CN sensory except olfactory

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19
Q

What is the hypothalamsu

A

center for autonomics/endocrine function

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20
Q

What is the pituitary gland

A

Master gland of homeostasis

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21
Q

What is the pinneal gland

A

center for sleep-wake cycles

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22
Q

What are the mammillary bodies

A

Nuclei related to emotions

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23
Q

What are the 2 main systems for arterial supply to the brain?

A

internal carotid arterial system

vertebrobasilar arterial system

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24
Q

Internal carotid arterial system and vertebrobasilar arterial system are interconnected via ____

A

circle of willis

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25
Q

Circle of willis is found at the ___ of the brain

A

base

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26
Q

Internal Carotid artery ascends ___

A

the neck and the base of the skull

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27
Q

Internal Carotid artery enters ___ and makes a 90 degree turn

A

carotid canal

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28
Q

Internal carotid artery enters the carotid canal and then ____

A

makes a 90 degree turn

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29
Q

Internal carotid artery enters carotid canal, makes 90 degree turn and then ascends ____

A

superior foramen lacerum

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30
Q

Internal carotid artery enters carotid canal, makes 90 degree turn, ascends superior foramen lacerum, enters ____

A

cavernous sinus –> cranial cavity

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31
Q

What does the internal carotid artery supply (general_

A

anterior and middle brain

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32
Q

Internal carotid artery gives off ___ branch before bifurcating into terminal branches

A

opthalmic artery

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33
Q

Opthalmic artery is a branch off of ____

A

internal carotid artery

Before bifurcation into anterior/middle cerebral arteries

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34
Q

Internal carotid artery terminates as ___

A

middle cerebral a.

anterior cerebral a

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35
Q

Anteriror cerebral artery communicates via ___

A

anterior communicating artery

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36
Q

Internal carotid artery anastomoses with ____

A

posterior communicating artery

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37
Q

Vertebral arteries (R/L) ascend through _____

A

transverse formane of C6 and above

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38
Q

Vertebral arteries (R/L) ascend through transverse foramen of what vertebral levels?

A

C6 and above

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39
Q

Vertebral arteries run along ____

A

lateral medulla

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40
Q

Vertebral arteries meet at the pons and form ___

A

basilar artery

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41
Q

The basilar artery is formed by the fusing of ____. Where?

A

fusing of vertebral arteries @ pons

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42
Q

vertebral arteries give off 3 main branches

A

anterior spinal artery
posterior spinal artery
posterior inferior cerebellar artery

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43
Q

Anterior spinal artery is a branch of ____

What does it supply

A

branch of vertebral artery

Supplies anterior 2/3 of spinal cord

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44
Q

Posterior spinal artery is a branch of ___

What does it supply

A

branch of vertebral artery

Supplies posterior 1/3

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45
Q

Basilar artery gives off 4 main branches and then terminates. What are the branches?

A

anterior inferior cerebellar artery
labyrinthe artery
pontine arter
superior cerebellar artery

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46
Q

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery is a branch of ___

anterior inferior cerebellar artery is a branch of ___

A

posterior inferior cerebellar is from verteberal a

anterior inferior cerebellar is from basilar a

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47
Q

labyrinthe a supplies ___

A

ear

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48
Q

The basilar arteries terminal bifurcation results in ____

A

posterior cerebral arteries

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49
Q

What arteries are a part of circle of willis?

A 
anterior communicating a
anterior cerebral a
internal carotid
middle cerebelra
posterior communcating a
posterior cerebral
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50
Q

anterior cerebral a. supplies ___ brain

A

anterior and medial cerebrum

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51
Q

middle cerebral a. supplies __ brain

A

anterior and lateral cerebrum

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52
Q

posterior cerebral a. supplies ___ brain

A

posterior inferior cerebrum

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53
Q

What 3 bones contribute to the anterior cranial fossa?

A

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid

54
Q

What part of the sphenoid contributes to the anterior cranial fossa?

A

lesser wing

55
Q

Anterior cranial fossa:

what is the anterior clinoid process?

A

hangs off of the sphenoid bone

56
Q

What are the foramen on the ethmoid bone found in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

cribiform plate
foramen cecum
anterior ethmoidal foramen
posterior ethmoidal foramen

57
Q

Anterior cranial fossa:

What is transmitted through the cribiform plate

A

CN 1 fibers

58
Q

Anterior cranial fossa

what is transmitted through foramen cecum?

A

emissary veins going form nasal cavity to the superior sagittal sinus

59
Q

emissary veins going form the nasal cavity to the superior sagittal sinus go through what foramen

what cranial fossa is this in?

A

foramen cecum of the ethmoid bone

this is anterior cranial fossa

60
Q

Anterior ethmoidal foramen and posterior ethmoidal foramen transmit ____

A

anterior ethmoidal and posterior ethmoidal a., n., v.

61
Q

Anterior / posterior ethmoidal foramen are best seen through what view?

A

the orbit

62
Q

What 3 bones contribute to the middle cranial fossa?

A

sphenoid, temporal, parietal

63
Q

The middle cranial fossa runs from ___ of the sphenoid bone to the ___ of temporal bone

A

lesser wing of sphenoid to the petrous portion of the temporal bone

64
Q

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:

What is the chiasmatic sulcus?

A

where the optic chiasm sits (just above the sella turcica)

65
Q

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:

What is the optic canal?

A

immediately lateral to the chiasmatic sulcus

transmits CN 2

66
Q

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:

What is the hypophyseal fossa

A

aka sella turcica aka pituitary fossa

this is where the pituitary gland sits

67
Q

What structures of the ethmoid bone are noticeable in teh anterior cranial fossa?

A

crista galli and cribiform plate

superior portions

68
Q

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:

What is the dorsum sellae?

A

posterior to pituitary fossa, raised piece of bone

69
Q

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:

What is the superior orbital fissure?

A

transmits CN 3, 4, 6 and opthalmic v

70
Q

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:

What is the foramen rotundum?

A

transmits CN V2 maxillary

71
Q

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:

What is the foramen lacerum?

A

internal carotid transmits superior to this

covered by fibrocartilage plug

72
Q

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:

What is foramen ovale?

A

Transmits V3

73
Q

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA:

What is foramen spinosum?

A

for middle meningel a.

74
Q

The posterior cranial fossa runs from __ to __

A

from petrous portion of temporal bone to occipital bone

75
Q

POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA:

What is transmitted through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN 7, 8

76
Q

POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA:

What is transmitted through jugular foramen?

A

CN 9, 10, 11, internal jugular vein

77
Q

POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA:

What is transitted through foramen magnum?

A

spinal cord and vertebral vessels

78
Q

POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA:

What is transmitted through hypoglossal canal?

A

CN 12

79
Q

Describe the dura mater

A

outer tough layer

2 layers: periosteal layer and meningeal layer

80
Q

Describe the periosteal layer of the dura mater

A

rough outer layer that is adherent to the skull

forms the endocranium

81
Q

Describe the meningeal layer of the dura mater

A

smooth inner layer covering the arachnoid layer

82
Q

Describe the arachnoid

A

intermediate web-like membrane

83
Q

Describe the pia mater (general)

A

inner delicate layer

84
Q

Middle meningeal arteries supply what

A

dural vasulature anteriorly

85
Q

anterior meningeal artery is a branch off of __

A

anterior ethmoidal artery

86
Q

Middle meningeal artery of dural supply branches into 2:

A

frontal branch and parietal branch

87
Q

What happens if middle meningeal artery is injured?

A

tearing leads to quick epidural (extradural) and hematoma (bleeding between dura and skull)

88
Q

Define a hematoma

A

bleeding between dura and skull

89
Q

An expanding hematoma leads to ___

A

increased and fatal pressure to the brain

90
Q

What is the most common way for middle meningeal artery to be perforated?

A

fracture to PTERION tears frontal branch of middle meningeal artery which crosses pterion

91
Q

If the pterion is broken, what dural supply branch is hit?

A

frontal branch of middle meaningeal artery

92
Q

Dura innervation is supplied by ___

A

trigeminal branch and C2-3 branches

93
Q

___ branch of CN V1 supplies dural innervation
___ branch of CN V2 supplies dural innervation
___ branch of CN V3 supplies dural innervation

A

anterior ethmoidal branch from CN V1
and tentorial nerve (recurrent, posterior)
meningeal branch of CN V2
meningeal branch of CN V3

94
Q

What is the anterior ethmoidal nerve a branch of? What does it supply?

A

CN V1, supplies anterior cranial fossa DURA

95
Q

What is tentorial nerve a branch of? What does it supply?

A

CN V1 recurrent branch

supplies more posterior aspects of DURA

96
Q

C2-C3 supply dural innervation to ____

A

posterior cranial fossa floor

97
Q

Dural folds are made up of ____ layer

A

meningeal layer of dura mater

2 layers each

98
Q

What are the main 4 dural folds

A

falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
tentorium cerebelli
diaphargma sellae

99
Q

What is falx cerebri?

A

a dural fold between the 2 cerebral hemisphers

100
Q

What is falx cerebelli?

A

a dural fold between the 2 cerebellar hemispheres

101
Q

What is tentorium cerebelli?

A

a dural fold between the cerebellum adnd cerebrum

102
Q

What is diaphragma sellae?

A

a dural fold between the brain and pituitary gland

103
Q

When 2 dural layers split this becomes =

A

dural venous sinus

104
Q

Dural venous drainage comes from what veins?

A

emissary veins, cerebellar veins, cerebral veins, diploic veins

105
Q

What course do sinuses drain in?

A

anterior to posterior

106
Q

The superior sagittal sinus joins with the straight sinus to drian into ___

A

the confludnce of sinus

107
Q

the inferior sagittal sinus is located ____

A

at the inferior margin of falx cerebri

108
Q

The inferior sagittal sinus joins with great cerebral veins to drain into ____

A

straight sinus

109
Q

What drains into straight sinus?

A

inferior sagittal sinus

and great cerebral veins

110
Q

Straight sinus joins with ___ to drain into the confludnce of sinus

A

superior sagittal sinus

111
Q

Sphenoparietal sinus is located __

A

between sphenoid and parietal

112
Q

Cavernous sinus is located where?

A

1 on each side

lateral to the pituitary gland

113
Q

The 2 cavernous sinuses are interconnected via ___

A

intercavernous sinus

114
Q

What is located within the cavernous sinus?

A

internal carotid artery and CN 6

115
Q

What is sheathed within the walls of the cavernous sinus?

A

CN 3, 4, V1, V2

116
Q

If the cavernous sinus ruptures, what is the most adverse affect?

A

then ICA ruptures which would result in an ARTERIOVENOS FISTULA

117
Q

What is the most common way to get an arteriovenous fistula?

A

damage to the base of the skull ruptures cavernous sinus (and ICA within)

118
Q

Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses are found ____

A

superior and inferior to the dorsum sella in the middle cranial fossa

119
Q

Confluence of sinuses gets drainage from ____

A

superior sagittal sinus and straight sinus

120
Q

Confluence of sinus drains out the ___

A

transverse sinus

121
Q

Transverse sinus drains out the ___

A

sigmoid sinus

122
Q

Arachnoid mater is vascularized or nonvascularized?

A

non vascularized

123
Q

Arachnoid mater and pia mater both cover ____

A

all surfaces of fissures and sulci on the brain

124
Q

___ in a web-like process extending downward

A

arachnoid mater

125
Q

deep to arachnoid mater is

A

subarachnoid space

126
Q

Subarachnoid space contains ___

A

CSF

127
Q

how does subarachnoid space act as a shock absorber?

A

because it forms a fluid cushion over the gyri and sulci

128
Q

What vessels are found in the subarachnoid space?

A

cerebral and cerebellar arteries/veins

129
Q

Where are arachnoid granulations found?

A

in the subarachnoid space

130
Q

What are arachnoid granulations?

A

projections of arachnoid into the superior sagittal sinus

they drain CSF into the venous system

131
Q

Drainage at the arachnoid granulations occurs via ____

A

passive pressure gradient

132
Q

Pia mater is pierced by ____

A

vessels that supply the brain

Anatomy 6513 UNIT 2 (14 decks)

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