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Anatomy 6513 UNIT 2 > Anterior Cervical Triangle, Cervical Viscera, Root of Neck > Flashcards

Anterior Cervical Triangle, Cervical Viscera, Root of Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior cervical triangle??

A

anterior: midline of the neck
posterior: SCM
superior: inferior border of the mandible

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2
Q

What is at the apex of the anterior cervical triangle?

A

jugular notch

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3
Q

What makes up the roof of the anterior cervical triangle?

A

skin and the platysma

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4
Q

What makes up the floor of the anterior cervical triangle?

A

muscles

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5
Q

What are the muscular contents of the anterior cervical triangle?

A

suprahyoids and infrahydoids

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6
Q

We talk about muscles of the anterior cervical triangle relative to the _____

A

hyoid bone

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7
Q

What is unique about the hyoid bone?

A

doesn’t articulate with other bones of the body

moves because of muscles it’s attached to

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8
Q

Name the suprahyoids

A

Stylohyoid m
Digastric m
Mylohyoid m
Geniohyoid m

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9
Q

Name the infrahyoids

A

Omohyoids
Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid

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10
Q

What is the action of stylohyoid?

A

stylohyoid is a suprahyoid muscle

action: pulls hyoid bone upward in postero-superior direction

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11
Q

What is the innervation of stylohyoid?

A

stylohyoid is a suprahyoid muscle

innervated by CN 7, facial nerve

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12
Q

Why is stylohyoid innervated by CN VII?

A

because stylohyoid muscle comes from pharyngeal arch 2

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13
Q

What is the action of digastric m.?

A

digastric muscle is a suprahyoid muscle

digastric muscle does actions according to what is fixed.

If mandible is fixed –> it raises the hyoid bone (important for swallowing)

if hyoid bone is fixed –> opens mouth (by lowering/depressing mandible)

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14
Q

Wha tis the innervation of digastric m?

A

digastric m is a suprahyoid muscle

digastric muscle has two bellys: anterior and posterior

anterior belly innervated by mylohyoid branch of V3

posterior belly is innervated by CN VII

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15
Q

Why is digastric muscle innervated by 2 separated nerves?

A

think about pharyngeal arches

anterior belly comes from 1st pharyngeal arch (CN V)

posterior belly comes from 2nd pharyngeal arch (CN VII)

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16
Q

What is the action of mylohyoid muscle?

A

mylohyoid m is a suprahyoid m

supports and elevates floor of mouth
and elevates hyoid

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17
Q

What is the innervation of mylohyoid muscle?

A

mylohyoid is a suprahyoid m

mylohyoid branch of V3

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18
Q

What is the action of geniohyoid muscle?

A

geniohyoid is a suprahyoid muscle

action depends on which is fixed mandible or hyoid bone

if mandible is fixed –> it elevates and pulls hyoid forward

if hyoid is fixed –> pulls mandible of downward and inward

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19
Q

What is the innervation of geniohyoid muscle?

A

geniohyoid is a suprahyoid muscle

branch from anterior ramus of C1 carried by CN XII hypoglossal nerve

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20
Q

What is the action of omohyoid muscle?

A

omohyoid is an infrahyoid muscle

it depressed and fixes the hyoid bone

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21
Q

What is the innervation of omohyoid muscle

A

omohyoid is an infrahyoid muscle

innervated by anterior ramus of C1-C3 via ANSA CERVICALIS

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22
Q

What is the action of sternohyoid muscle?

A

sternohyoid is an infrahyoid muscle

action: depressed hyoid after swallowing

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23
Q

What is the innervation of sternohyoid muscle?

A

sternohyoid muscle is an infrahyoid muscle

innervated by anterior rami of C1-C2 via ANSA CERVICALIS

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24
Q

What is the action of thyrohyoid muscle?

A

thyrohyoid is an infrahyoid muscle

action: depressed hyoid bone
when hyoid is fixed –> relaxes the larynx

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25
Q

What is the innervation of thyrohyoid muscle?

A

thyrohyoid is an infrahyoid muscle

fibers from anterior ramus of C1 carried via hypoglossal nerve

specifically the “NERVE TO THYROHYOID MUSCLE”

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26
Q

What is the action of the sternothyroid muscle?

A

sternothyroid is an infrahyoid muscle

action: draws larynx (thyroid cartilage) downard

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27
Q

What is the innervation of sternothyroid muscle?

A

anterior rami of C1-C3 via ANSA CERVICALIS

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28
Q

What does ansa cervicalis innervated?

A

3 infrahyoid muslces

sternothyroid muscle, sternohyoid muscle, omohyoid muscle

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29
Q

What veins are found in the anterior cervical triangle?

A
  1. facial vein
  2. retromandibular vein
  3. communicating branch
  4. anterior jugular vein
  5. internal jugular vein
  6. external jugular vein
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30
Q

Where does the facial vein originate?

A

angle of the eye

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31
Q

Facial vein receives tributaries from _____

A

veins that are draining the face

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32
Q

Facial vein joins with _____ to drain into ____

A

facial vein joins with part of retromandibular vein to create common facial vein

this drains into internal jugular vein

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33
Q

Retromandibular vein is formed from ____ and ____

A

superficial temporal vein and maxillary vein

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34
Q

Retromandibular vein divides into _____

A

2 parts:

anterior division of retromandibular vein

posterior division of retromandibular vein

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35
Q

Anterior retromandibular vein is joined by ____ to drain into ____

A

Anterior portion of retromandibular vein is joined by facial vein to create common facial vein

drains into internal jugular vein

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36
Q

Posterior retromandibular vein is joined by ____ to drain into ___

A

Posterior retromandibular vein is joined by auricular vein

drains into external jugular vein

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37
Q

Anterior jugular vein drains what?

A

drains anterior neck

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38
Q

Anterior jugular vein is found where?

A

midline of the neck

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39
Q

Anterior jugular vein drains into _____

A

external jugular vein

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40
Q

What do the communicating branch veins connect?

A

communicating branch nerves connect common facial vein and anterior jugular vein

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41
Q

Internal jugular vein drains what?

A

entire anterior face, brain and cervical viscera

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42
Q

External jugular vein is formed by what coming together?

A

posterior auricular vein, posterior branches of retromandibular vein

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43
Q

What are the arteries found in the anterior cervical triangle?

A

common carotid, internal carotid (branch-less in the neck), and external carotid and it’s branches

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44
Q

Left/right common carotid:

What comes off as a direct branch from the arch of aorta?

A

left common carotid

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45
Q

Left/right common carotid:

What comes off of arch of aorta indirectly? How?

A

Right common carotid comes off of arch of aorta indirectly

Brachiocephalic trunk (off of aorta) splits into right common carotid and right subclavian artery

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46
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk is a branch of _____

Brachiocephalic trunk splits into __ and ___

A

brachiocephalic trunk is a DIRECT branch off of arch of aorta

brachiocephlic trunk divides into right common carotid artery and subclavian artery

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47
Q

The common carotids bifurcate at what vertebral level?

A

C3-C4

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48
Q

What are internal carotid artery branches in the neck?

A

Internal carotid artery only branches in the brain

No branches in the neck

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49
Q

What are the external carotid artery branches in the neck?

A

3 anterior

  • superior thyroid artery
  • facial artery
  • lingual artery

3 posterior

  • ascending pharyngeal artery
  • occipital artery
  • posterior auricular artery
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50
Q

What is the first branch off of the external carotid artery?

A

superior thyroid artery

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51
Q

Superior thyroid artery arises on the ___ surface of external carotid artery near the ____

A

anterior surface

near bifurcation

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52
Q

Superior thyroid artery gives off a branch: _____

A

superior laryngeal artery

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53
Q

Superior laryngeal artery is a branch of what?

A

superior laryngeal artery is a branch of superior thyroid artery which is the first branch off of external carotid artery

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54
Q

Superior thyroid artery supplies: _____

A

superior aspect of thyroid gland

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55
Q

What is the second branch off of the anterior aspect of external carotid artery?

A

lingual artery

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56
Q

Lingual artery arises just above ____ artery, at the level of the ______

A

lingual artery arises just above superior thyroid artery

at the level of the greater horn of the hyoid bone

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57
Q

Lingual artery passes deeply to supply _____

A

muscles of the tongue

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58
Q

What is the third branch off of the anterior aspect of the external carotid artery?

A

facial artery

59
Q

Facial artery arises just superior to ____ artery

A

lingual artery

60
Q

Facial artery crosses ____ (structure) to supply ____

A

facial artery crosses inferior border of mandible

to supply face

61
Q

What is the first posterior branch of external carotid artery?

A

ascending pharyngeal artery

62
Q

Ascending pharyngeal artery supplies ____

A

pharynx and tonsils

it ASCENDS in order to reach these

63
Q

What is the second posterior branch off of external carotid artery?

A

occipital artery

64
Q

Occipital artery arises near the level of _____ artery

A

facial

65
Q

Occipital artery ascends to supply ____

A

neck and scalp

66
Q

Occipital artery sends of ____ branch to supply ____

A

muscular branches to supply SCM

hooks over CN 12 in order to do this

67
Q

What branch of occipital artery hooks around CN 12 in order to supply SCM?

A

muscular branch occipital artery

68
Q

What is the 3rd posterior branch of external carotid artery?

A

posterior auricular artery

69
Q

Posterior auricular artery supplies ____

A

scalp posterior to the ear

70
Q

Nerves of the anterior cervical triangle are broken up into 2 groups of nerves. What are they?

A

spinal nerve branches and cranial nerves

71
Q

What are the cranial nerves found in the anterior cervical triangle?

(as opposed to the spinal nerves found in the anterior cervical triangle)

A 
CN 7 (facial)
CN 9 (glossopharyngeal)
CN 10 (vagus)
CN 11 (accessory)
CN 12 (hypoglossal)
72
Q

What are the spinal nerves found in the anterior cervical triangle?

(as opposed to the cranial nerves found in anterior cervical triangle)

A

transverse cervical nerve (C2-C3)

ansa cervicalis (C1-3)

73
Q

Transverse cervical nerve is at ___ vertebral levels

A

C2-C3

74
Q

Ansa cervicalis is at ____ vertebral levels

A

C1-C3

75
Q

Describe the general course of transverse cervical nerve

A

Arises at Erb’s point (along with nerves from posterior cervical triangle)

Runs transversely across midline of SCM

76
Q

Transverse cervical nerve supplies ____

A

skin of anterior triangle and lateral neck

77
Q

What is ansa cervicalis?

A

nerve loops formed from anterior rami of cervical nerves C1-C3

78
Q

What does ansa cervicalis innervate?

A

all infrahyoids (except for thyrohyoid)

79
Q

Ansa cervicalis is composed of ___ and ___

A

superior and inferior root

80
Q

What is the superior root of ansa cervicalis composed of?

A

mainly C1 anterior rami fibers

81
Q

What is inerior root of ansa cervicalis composed of?

A

mainly C2-C3 anterior rami fibers

82
Q

What sub-triangles can be found in the anterior cervical triangle?

A

submental triangle
submandibular triangle
carotid triangle
muscular triangle

83
Q

What are the borders of the submental triangle?

A

inferior border: hyoid bone

lateral border: anterior belly of digastric

84
Q

What are the contents of the submental triangle?

A

mylohyoid muscle
submental lymph nodes
small veins

85
Q

What are the borders of the submandibular triangle?

A

superior border: inferior border of mandible
anterior/inferior border: anterior belly of digastric
posterior/inferior border: posterior belly of digastric muscle

86
Q

What are the contents of the submandibular triangle?

A 
SUBMANDIBULAR gland
SUBMANDIBULAR lymph nodes
Marignal MANDIBULAR branch of facial nerve (CN 7)
HYPOGLOSSAL nerve (CN 12)
MYLOHYOID nerve (from CNV3)
FACIAL artery/vein
87
Q

Submandibular triangle aka ____

A

digastric triangle

88
Q

What is another name for the digastric triangle?

A

submandibular triangle

89
Q

What are the borders of the muscular triangle?

A

superior border: hyoid bone
lateral border: superior belly of omohyoid muscle and anterior border of SCM
medial: midline of the neck

90
Q

What are the contents of the muscular triangle?

A 
MUSCLES:
omohyoid muscle (border and content)
sternohyoid muscle
sternothyroid muscle
thyrohyoid muscle
VISCERA: 
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
trachae
esophagus
common carotid artery
internal jugular vein
91
Q

What are the borders of the carotid triangle?

A

superior border: stylohypod muscle, posterior belly of digastric muscle
posterior border: anterior border of SCM
anteroinferior border: superior belly of omohyoid muscle

92
Q

What nerves are found in the carotid triangle?

A 
CN XI (accessory)
CN X (vagus)
CN XII (hypoglossal)
Ansa Cervicalis (C1-C3)
Laryngeal nn (branch of CN X)
93
Q

What arteries are found in the carotid triangle?

A

common carotid artery
internal carotid artery
external carotid artery
- and all 6 branches from external carotid artery

94
Q

What veins are found in the carotid triangle

A

all veins that are accompanying the arteries (common, internal, external carotid aa and external 6 branches)

all veins –> drain into IJV

95
Q

What is the carotid sheath?

A

Column of fascia that surrounds the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, CN X (vagus)

96
Q

What does the carotid sheath surround?

A

common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, CN X (vagus)

97
Q

Carotid sheath receives contributions from what deep cervical fascia?

A

investing fascia
pretrachael fascia
prevertebral fascia

98
Q

What is the carotid sinus?
Where is it?
What does it do?

A

Carotid sinus is a dilation of INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY near the bifurcation of the common carotids

Walls of the carotid sinus contain BARRORECEPTORS to monitor blood pressure change

99
Q

Root of neck is the junction between ____ and ____

A

thorax and neck

100
Q

Root of neck is ___ to the thoracic aperture

A

superior

101
Q

What extensions of the thoracic cavity project upwards into the neck?

A

projection of the pleural cavity such as:

  • cervical part of parietal pleura
  • apical part of superior lobe of each lung
102
Q

What main arteries are found in the root of the neck?

A

subclavian a. and it’s 2 main branches:

(1) vertebral artery
(2) thyrocervical trunk and it’s 3 branches (inferior thyroid*, trasnverse cervical artery, suprascapular artery)

103
Q

(Root of neck)

What is the first branch off of subclavian artery?

A

vertebral artery

104
Q

(Root of neck)

What is the course of vertebral artery relative to anterior scalene muscle?

A

vertebral artery is the first branch off of subclavian artery

it courses superiorly, medial to anterior scalene muscle

105
Q

(Root of neck)

What foramen does vertebral artery enter?

A

vertebral artery is the first branch off of subclavian artery

Enters transverse foramen of C6 and courses upward to C1

106
Q

(Root of neck)

Thyrocervical trunk is a branch off of _____

A

subclavian artery!

107
Q

(Root of neck)

What are the branches of thyrocervical trunk?

A
  1. inferior thyroid artery
  2. transverse cervical artery
  3. suprascapular artery
108
Q

(Root of neck)

Inferior thyroid artery runs posterior to ____

A

carotid sheath and thyroid gland

109
Q

(Root of neck)

Inferior thyroid artery gives off a branch _____

A

ascending cervical artery

ascending cervical artery can also come directly off of thyrocervical trunk

110
Q

(Root of neck)

Describe transverse cervical artery’s course relative to transverse cervical nerve

A

transverse cervical artery goes posteriorly while transverse cervical nerve goes anteriorly

111
Q

(Root of neck)

Describe transverse cervical artery relative to anterior scalene muscle and phrenic nerve?

A

transverse cervical artery courses anteriorly over anterior scalene muscle and phrenic nerve

112
Q

(Root of neck)

Describe suprascapular artery relative to anteiror scalene muscle and phrenic nerve?

A

Suprascapular artery courses anteriorly over anterior scalene muscle and phrenic nerve

113
Q

What are the two main lymphatic ducts at the root of the neck?

A

right lymphatic duct

and thoracic duct

114
Q

Thoracic Duct drains _____

A

left upper limb, head, neck, thorax, abdomen, LL

115
Q

Thoracic duct is posterior to esophagus, between ___ and ____

A

azygos and thoracic aorta

116
Q

Thoracic duct drains into _____

A

left venous angle

117
Q

Right lymphatic duct drains _____

A

right UL, head, neck, thorax

118
Q

Right lymphatic duct drains into ___

A

right venous angle

119
Q

right/left venous angles are located between right/left ___ and right/left ___

A

venous angles are between

internal jugular veins and subclavian veins

120
Q

What main nerves are found in the root of the neck?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
Vagus nerve CN X
Sympathetics

121
Q

How does the vagus nerve CN X travel through the neck?

A

travels through carotid sheath

122
Q

What is the main branch of CN X (Vagus) for the root of the neck?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve (right/left)

123
Q

What provides all of the parasympathetics for the neck?

A

vagus nerve

124
Q

What provides the sympathetics for the neck?

A

sympathetic trunk/chain

125
Q

How many sympathetic ganglia are found in the cervical region? Name them

A

3
superior cervical ganglion
middle cervical ganglion
inferior cervical ganlgion

126
Q

Where is the superior cervical ganglion located?

A

high in neck - near level of mastoid process in temporal bone

127
Q

Where is the middle cervical ganglion located?

A

posterior to the thyroid gland

128
Q

Inferior cervical ganglion combines with ____ to form ____

A

inferior cervical ganglion combines with 1st thoracic ganglion to form the CERVICOTHORACIC (STELLATE) GANGLION

129
Q

What is the cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion?

A

a combination of the inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic ganglion

130
Q

What cervical viscera are found in the ENDOCRINE layer?

A

thyroid and parathyroid gland

131
Q

What cervical viscera are found in the RESPIRATORY layer

A

larynx and trachae

132
Q

What cervical viscera are found in the ALIMENTARY layer

A

pharynx and esophagus

133
Q

What 3 layers are cervical viscera found in? name them

A

endocrine layer - thyroid / parathyroid glands
respiratory layer - larynx / trachae
alimentary layer - esophagus / pharynx

134
Q

What arteries supply the thyroid gland?

A

superior thyroid artery
inferior thyroid artery
thyroid ima artery

135
Q

Superior thyroid artery is the first branch off of ____

It supplies ____

A

first branch off of external carotid artery

supplies superior pole of lateral lobe of thyroid gland

136
Q

Inferior thyroid artery is a branch off of _____

It supplies ____

A

branch off of thyrocervical trunk (which is a branch off of subclavian artery)

supplies inferior pole of lateral lobes of thyroid gland

137
Q

Thyroid ima artery is a small artery occasionally found as a branch off of _____

Supplies ____

A

off of brachiocephlic trunk or arch of aorta

supplies thyroid gland (generally)

138
Q

What veins are associated with the thyroid gland?

A

superior thyroid vein
middle thyroid vein
inferior thyroid vein

139
Q

Which thyroid vein(s) drains the area supplied by superior thyroid artery?

A

superior thyroid vein

140
Q

Which thyroid vein(s) drains all the rest of the thyroid gland not supplied by superior thyroid artery?

A

middle thyroid vein and inferior thyroid vein

141
Q

Which thyroid vein(s) drain into IJV?

A

superior thyroid vein

middle thyroid vein

142
Q

Which thyroid vein(s) drain into brachiocephalic vv?

A

inferior thyroid vein

143
Q

Prevertebral muscles lie directly posterior to the _____ space

A

retropharyngeal

Anatomy 6513 UNIT 2 (14 decks)

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