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Oncology Boards > Skin, Ears and Toes > Flashcards

Skin, Ears and Toes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four most common skin and SQ tumors in cats?

A

Basal cell tumors, MCT, SCC and fibrosarcoma

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2
Q

Papillomaviruses are only able to replicate in _____ cells

A

terminally differentiated cells

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3
Q

What are the two main viral proteins from papillomavirus that lead to neoplastic transformation? What do that interact with?

A

E6 - destabalizes p53 E7 - inhibits pRB

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4
Q

Disruption of p53 by papillomavirus protein can cause increased levels of ____ which is detectable with IHC

A

p16

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5
Q

Canine papillomavirus has been associated with the development of ______

A

SCC - usually cutaneous

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6
Q

What are PPVs associated with in cats?

A

Viral plaques - aka feline sarcoids

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7
Q

PPV can be detected with IHC in most feline plaques - as the plaques progress to SCC, the ability to detect PPV ag increases/decreases

A

Decreases

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8
Q

PPV is detected in more UV-protected or UV exposed areas of SCC in cats

A

UV-protected - up to 76% vs. 42% of UV exposed

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9
Q

Basal cell carcinoma in people is thought to arise from critical mutations in what signaling pathway

A

Hedgehog

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10
Q

What aberrant karyotypes have been found in feline basal cell tumors

A

Trisomy E2 and monosomy E2 - unknown significance

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11
Q

____ staining is considered fairly specific for human BCC and was detected in 23/24 BCC in cats in one study

A

Bcl-2

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12
Q

The presence of detectable ____ with IHC indicates mutations in the coding sequence and has been associated with what cutaneous tumor in cats and dogs

A

p53; SCC

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13
Q

What does p27 do? What cancer type has lower levels of this compared to benign tumors?

A

protein thought important in maintaining cells in G0 SCC

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14
Q

Nuclear activation of beta-catenin was detected in 100% of what skin tumor(s)

A

trichoepitheliomas and pilomatricomas

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15
Q

Which cyclin is expressed in the majority of feline SCC and just under half of canine SCCs

A

cyclin A

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16
Q

What is the causative mutation causing renal cystadenoma and nodular dermatofibrosis?

A

Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) gene

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17
Q

What does the BHD gene code for?

A

Tumor suppressor protein folliculin

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18
Q

What TKI has been associated with the rapid development of actinic keratosis and invasive SCC in people? What does this TKI inhibit?

A

Sorafenib - inhibitor of RAF and VEGF/PDGFR

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19
Q

What markers are used to differentiate BCC from SCC in people

A

epithelial membrane protein BerEP4

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20
Q

What dog breeds are at an increased risk for BCC

A

cocker spaniels, poodles

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21
Q

What are the three histologic subtypes of BCC in dogs

A

solid, keratinizing and clear cell

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22
Q

What is the behavior of BCC in dogs?

A

Low-grade malignancy; can recur but no reports of mets

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23
Q

Where does BCC most commonly occur on cats?

A

Head and neck - can be pigmented, too!

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24
Q

In patients with multiple papillomas, what drug may be effective

A

azithromycin

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25
Q

What is actinic keratosis in cats?

A

SCC in situ that arises as a consequence of UV exposure (different from Bowens based on location and histo)

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26
Q

Median DFI and MST for cats treated with surgery for a single nasal planum or pinna SCC?

A

DFI 594d, MST 675d

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27
Q

What cream can be used to treat Bowens in cats?

A

Imiquimod 5%

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28
Q

What topical cream was NOT effective for Bowens in cats

A

13-cis-retinoic acid

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29
Q

For cats treated with photodynamic therapy for bowens, what is the response rate and what is prognostic?

A

RR up to 100% (used in people too) Clinical tumor stage

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30
Q

What breeds of cats are at a DECREASED risk of SCC

A

Siamese, Himalayan and Persian

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31
Q

What dog breeds have a predisposition for nasal planum SCC?

A

Labs and goldens

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32
Q

what dog breeds are predisposed to cutaneous SCC

A

Poodles, bassets and blood hounds

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33
Q

What paraneoplastic syndrome has been associated with cutaneous SCC in cats?

A

Hypercal - two had ear canal tumors, the other had multiple cutaneous tumors

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34
Q

ECT with bleo for cats with cutaneous SCC has what CR rate and what survival range?

A

CR in 82%; survival 2mo - 3yrs

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35
Q

What breeds of dogs are more likely to ket infundibular keratinizing acanthomas (IKAs)

A

Nordic breeds - Norwegian elkhouds, belgian sheepdogs, Lhasa apso, German Shep

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36
Q

Surgery is the treatment of choice for IKA but what is an alternative option?

A

Isotretinoin (vitamin A derivative)

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37
Q

Malignant trichoepitheliomas are also called____

A

matrical carcinoma

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38
Q

What is the behavior of malignant trichoepithelioma?

A

Rare and only case reports but reports = highly metastatic to regional LN and lungs

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39
Q

What breeds are more likely to get pilomatricomas

A

Kerry blue, soft-coated wheatens, Bouvier, poodles, sheepdogs, bichons, Airedales

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40
Q

What is the behavior of malignant pilomatricoma

A

High metastatic potential - mets to lungs, bone, LN, mammary gland or skin in 11/12 dogs in one report

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41
Q

What cutaneous tumors have adenxal differentiation? What does this mean

A

Arise from hiar follicle IKAs, tricholemmoma, trichoblastoma, trichoepithelioma, malig. trcihoepithel (matrical carcinoma), pilomatricoma/malignant pilomatricoma

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42
Q

Where is the most common site for apocrine gland carcinoma in dogs?

A

Thoracic limbs

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43
Q

What is the prognosis for apocrine gland carcinoma

A

Highly invasive, but cure rates high with surgery alone

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44
Q

What is an eccrine adenoma/carcinoma

A

tumors of the sweat glands of the footpads

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45
Q

What is the other name for neruoendocrine carcinoma

A

Merkel cell carcinoma

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46
Q

What is the behavior of Merkel cell tumors in people? How does this compare to dogs and cats?

A

Highly malignant in humans; case reports in cats and dogs suggest more benign clinical course

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47
Q

Loss of expression of what proteins is linked to a more aggressive behavior in humans for Merkel cell tumors has also been found in dogs

A

E-cadherin, beta-catenin

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48
Q

What do most dogs with nodular dermatofibrosis die from and how long does this usually take?

A

Renal failure from renal cystadenocarcinoma, average 3 years

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49
Q

What breeds are at an increased risk of ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma (dogs

A

german shep, cocker spaniels

50
Q

Skull rads for dogs with malignant tumors of the ear cnala showed what primary features

A

Lysis of the bulla (13/27), sclerosis of the bulla (8/27)

51
Q

Is metastasis from ear canal tumors common in dogs and cats?

A

No - 1/30 dogs had LN + distant mets, 3/35 had pulmonary, one lytic bone lesion; cats only regional LN

52
Q

What is the MST for dogs and cats treated with a TECA-LBO for malignant ear canal tumors?

A

42-50mo (cats), not reached at 36mo for dogs (Better than lateral ear canal resection)

53
Q

What is the staging scheme for primary tumors of the ear canal

A

T1 = confined to external or horizontal ear canal T2 = extending beyond TM T3 = extending beyond middle ear/bone destruction

54
Q

What prognostic factor was identified in dogs with malignant ear canal tumors

A

Extension beyond ear canal (no MST = 30mo, yes MST = 5.9mo)

55
Q

Cats with SCC of the ear canal have an MST of ____ compared to an MST of ____for ceruminous gland

A

SCC = 3.8mo, ceruminous = 49

56
Q

What mitotic cutoff is associated with MST in cats with primary tumors of the ear canal?

A

≤2 mst = 180mo ≥3 MST ~24mo

57
Q

What percent of dogs with digital SCC have involvement of multiple digits

A

~3%

58
Q

What dog breeds are predisposed to having multiple digital scc?

A

large breed with black coats - standard poodles, black labs, giant schnauzers, gordon setters, rotties, beaucerons, briards

59
Q

Are the thoracic or pelvic limbs more commonly affected by digital SCC?

A

Thoracic limbs

60
Q

What breed of dog is overrepresented for digital melanoma?

A

Scotties

61
Q

What was the % disagreement amongst pathologists for histo from digital tumors? How often was this clinically significant?

A

20% of cases, clinically significant differences in 75% of these

62
Q

What is another term for lung digit syndrome?

A

Acrometastasis

63
Q

What was the rate of primary lung tumors in 64 cats with digital carcinoma

A

88%

64
Q

What is the MST for cats with lung digit vs. primary digital SCC

A

lung-digit: 4.9 weeks primary SCC 29.5wks

65
Q

What digit tumor does bone lysis have prognostic significance for in dogs?

A

melanoma

66
Q

Dogs with digital SCC have what rate of metastasis at diagnosis and what rate develop it subsequently?

A

6-13% at dx additional 9-17% develop it

67
Q

What location of digital SCC may carry a better prognosis?

A

Subungual

68
Q

What is the rate of mets at the time of diagnosis and what additional percent develop it for digital melanoma

A

32-40% at dx (local LN or distant) additional 10-26% develop after definitive treatment

69
Q

What are the 1 and 2-year survival rates for dgital SCC treated with surgery alone in dogs?

A

1yr 50-83% 2yr 18-62% Better for subungual lesions

70
Q

What are the 1- and 2-yr survival rates for dogs with digital melanoma treated with surgery alone?

A

1yr 42-57% 2yr 13-36%

71
Q

Is there a survival benefit from adding chemo to surgery in dogs with digital melanoma?

A

Not for carbo - 1 and 2 yr survival : 89 and 67% vaccine - 1 and 2 yr 63% and 32% (but 28% had mets at treatment)

72
Q

What is the survival time for cats with digital melanoma? how many developed mets?

A

0->577d (helpful information, I know) 4/5 developed mets

73
Q

What was the relationship between papillomavirus DNA and canine lobular orbital adenoma? (Schaefer, BCM 2019) **Committee paper**

A

No papillomavirus detected

74
Q

What effectors of mTOR signalling were dysregulated in cutaneous papillomas of dogs? (Sanz Ressel VCO 2019)

A

pAKT and pS6 - pathway activated and may be possible therapeutic target

75
Q

What markers were useful in differentating between basal cell tumors and SCC? (Kok vet path 2018)

A

cytokeratin 16

76
Q

What was the MST for cats with Merkel cell carcinoma treated with surgery

A

MST 243d

77
Q

What was the rate of recurrence and metastasis for Merkel cell carcinoma in cats treated with surgery? (Sumi VCO 2018)

A

Recurrence (55%, of them 55% had complete margins)

Metastasis 50%

78
Q

What IHC markers is merkel cell carcinoma in cats positive for (Sumi VCO 2018)

A

All cytokeratin and p63+

Most synaptophysin and CK18 positive

79
Q

What were the most common skin tumors in a review of the Swiss Canine Cancer Registry? (Graf VetPath 2018)

A

MCT (16.35%)

Lipomas (12.47%)

Hair follicle tumors (12.34%)

Histiocytomas (12.10%)

80
Q

An increased incidence of histiocytomas has been found in what breed? (Graf Vet Path 2018)

A

Flat Coated Ret

81
Q

What are the four most common feline skin tumors?

A

basal cell tumors, FSA, SCC and MCT

82
Q

True/False: the majority of feline skin tumors are benign. (Ho JFMS 2010)

A

False - 52.7% malignant

83
Q

What is the MST for apocrine sweat gland adenocarcinomas in dogs treated with surgery (Simko CanVetJ 2003)

A

MST 30mo

84
Q

What histologic feature predicted metastasis for canine apocrine sweat gland adenocarcinomas treated with surgery (Simko CanVetJ 2003)

A

vascular invasion (overall rate of mets low though - 4% in this study)

85
Q

What features were associated with recurrent basal cell carcinoma vs. nonrecurrent basal carcinoma? (Simeonov Vet Clin Path 2010)

A

Recurrent: higher mean nuclear area, mean nuclear perimeter and mean nuclear diameter –> nuclear morphometry may predict recurrence

86
Q

What microRNA expression was associated with equine sarcoids? (Bogedale VCO 2019)

A

downregulation of miR-200 family (may trigger EMT), increase tumor suppressive cluster on chr 24

87
Q

What microRNA expression was associated with equine ocular SCC? (Bogedale VCO 2019)

A

Downregulation of chromosome 24 cluster (tumor suppressive cluster) and miR-34 family

88
Q

What markers are present in sarcoid fibroblasts from horses? (Martano BMC 2018)

A

VEGF in 90% (also keratinocytes and endothelial cells)

Ki67 moderately postivie in 5-10%

Bcl2 in 52% of tumors, weak staining of 20-50% of sarcoid fibroblasts

89
Q

What are the most common cutaneous tumors of horses? (Schaffer JAVMA 2013)

A

Sarcoid (from delta papillomaviruses)

SCC

Melanoma

90
Q

What breed of horse is more likely to get melanoma? (Schaffer JAVMA 2013)

A

Arabians

91
Q

What breed of horse is more likely to get cutaneous lymphoma?

A

Thoroughbreds

92
Q

What breeds of horse are more likely to get benign soft tissue tumors like basal cell tumors?

A

Draft and pony breeds

93
Q

What marker were all cutaneous Schannomas in horses positive for? (Schoniger Vet Path 2011)

A

S100

94
Q

What DNA PCR markers are equine sarcoids positive for? (Bogaert Vet Path 2011)

A

Bovine papillomavirus 1 or 2

95
Q

What was found to help differentiated benign vs. malignant canine ceruminous gland neoplasia? (Simeonov VCO 2011)

A

Nuclear morphometry - mean nuclear area, perimeter, diameter

96
Q

Of cats undergoing TECAs, 40% were due to neoplasia - what ws the most common type? (Bacon JSAP 2003)

A

ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma (86%)

97
Q

What is the MST for cats with ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma treated with TECA? What was a poor prognositc indicator? (Bacon, JSAP 2003)

A

MST 50.3mo

MI≥3 = poorer prognosis

98
Q

Level of ____ were significantly lower in benign perianal tumors vs. control dogs. (Lisiecka Vet Immuno 2019)

A

Tregs

significant increase in Tregs after antihormonal treatement

99
Q

Serum acute phase proteins (decreased/increased) during treatment for dogs with benign circumanal gland tumors vs. (decreased/increased) for dogs with malignant tumors (Lisiecka J comp path 2019)

A

Benign - decreased

malignant - marked increase

100
Q

What testing can be used to differentiated Bowen’s disease and actinic keratosis in cats? (Favrot Vet Path 2009)

A

p53 IHC in majority of AK but not Bowen’s

Papillomavirus DNA in 48% of Bowen’s not AK

101
Q

What were the side effects of imiquimod in cats treated for Bowen’s disease? (Gill VCO 2008)

A

Local erythema, increased liver values, neutropenia, partial anorexia and vomiting

102
Q

What was the response to Imiquimod and the MST for cats treated with it for Bowen’s disease (Gill VCO 2008)

A

100% of lesions respond, but 75% of cats developed new lesions

MST 1189d

103
Q

What protocol is considered high-dose rate brachytherapy (used in cats with nasal planum SCC) (Lino JFMS 2019)

A

30Gy total

5x6Gy (T am&PM, Th am/pm, F am)

4x7.5Gy (Tu/Th am/pm)

104
Q

What was the response rate for cats with nasal planum SCC treated with high-dose rate brachytherapy (Lino JFMS 2019)

A
105
Q

What was the rate of local recurrence for cats with nasal planum SCC treated with fractionated or single-dose strontium plesiotherapy? (Berlato JFMS 2018)

A

31%

106
Q

What was the response to accelterated RT (10x4.8Gy over one week) for treatment of nasal planum SCC? (Gasymova BMC 2017)

A

All CR, mDFI 916d (1 and 2yr DFI 71% and 60%)

107
Q

What was prognostic for feline nasal planum SCC treated with accelerated RT (Gasymova BMC 2017)

A

Tumor volue - larger tumors had a greater risk of recurring and a greater risk of dying

108
Q

A rsotrolateral rhinotomy for nasal septum SCC in dogs is not appropriate for tumors that ____ (Ter Haar Vet Surg 2015)

A

extend to nasal floor

109
Q

What was the rate of recurrence for dogs undergoing a rostrolateral rhinotomy for nasal septum SCC? (Ter Haar Vet Surg 2015)

A

4/10 recurred even though surgery considered complete in 8/10

110
Q

What was the response to curettage and diathermy for feline nasal planum actinic dysplasia or superficial SCC? (Jarrett JSAP 2013)

A

CR in all cats, 94% disease free at 1 year, median time to recurrence not reached

111
Q

What tumor characteristics are appropriate for treatment with curettage and diathermy for feline nasal planum actinic dysplasia or superficial SCC?

A

small, non-invasive tumors

112
Q

What was the plesiotherapy protocol used in the Goodfellow FMS 2006 paper for treatment of feline nasal planum SCC

A

50gy to depth 2mm in 5fx over 10 days

113
Q

What was the response rate and DFI for cats undergoing strontium90 plesiotherapy (Goodfellow JFMS 2006)

A

100% responded, 11/15 CR, 4/15 PR

DFI 652d for cats w/ CR

114
Q

What was the strontium protocol for cats with nasal planum SCC in the 2007 Hammond JAVMA paper?

A

Single fraction, mean 128Gy

115
Q

What was the response rate for cats treated with a single fraction of strontium 90 for nasal planum SCC? (Hammond JAVMA 2007)

A

RR 98%, 88%CR

116
Q

What was the PFS and OST for cats treated with a single fraction of strontium 90 for nasal planum SCC (Hammond, JAVMA 2007)

A

PFS 1710, OST 3076

117
Q

What was the rate of recurrence and percent of cats that developed new SCC lesions after a single treatment of strontium? What was prognostic? (Hammond JAVMA 2007)

A

20% recurrence

33% cats developed new lesions at other locations

Response to treatment prognostic

118
Q

63% of feline nasal planum SCC stained positive for ____ which had a longer MST of ____ vs. ____ for tumors without. Papillomavirus was more frequently amplified in (positive/negative) tumors. (Munday Vet Path 2013)

A

p16

p16+ MST 643d vs. 217d

Pap DNA more amplified in p16+ tumors

119
Q

What percent of canine dermal SCC had actinic change? Was this a positive or poor prognostic indicator? (Willcox VCO 2019)

A

38% had actinic change

Positive - MST 1359 for actinic change vs. 680d w/o (overall 1004)

120
Q

What are the most common digital tumors in the dog? (Henry JVIM 2005)

A

SCC 51.6%

Melanoma 15.6%

OSA 6.3%

121
Q

What are the metastatic rates for the three most common digital tumors in dogs? (Henry JVIM 2005)

A

SCC: 6% at dx, 15% at death

Melanoma: 40% at dx, 50% at death

OSA: 25% at dx and death

122
Q

What was found to have a positive impact on survival in dogs with digital tumors? (Henry JVIM 2005)

A

Treatment with surgery

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