Gastrointestinal Flashcards
What was the relationship between serum c-reactive protein and Spirocercosis? (Mukorera JVIM 2011)
Elevated for both benign and malignant spirocercosis - can’t tell apart
CRP did go down with treatment for benign spirocircosis
What was the relationship between serum ALP and esophageal nodules? (Mukorera Vet Clin Path 2011)
No difference in malignant vs. benign esophageal nodules - can’t differentiate noplastic vs. not
What was the MST for cats treated with surgery for exocine pacnreatic carcinoma? (Nicoletti JAAHA 2018)
MST 316.5d
3 cats alive median follow-up time 309 days
What was the metastatic rate in 34 cats with feline exocrine pancreatic neoplasia? (Linderman VCO 2012)
32% (11/34)
What was the overall MST for cats for 34 cats with exocrine pancreatic neoplasia? What about with surgery or chemo?
overall MST 97d
+chem/surgery = 165d
What has been shown to be a negative prognostic indicator in cats with feline exocrine pancreatic neoplasia? (Linderman VCO 2012)
abdominal effusion (MST 30d)
What is the most common form of canine pancreatic carcinoma? (Aupperle-Leebach Comp Path 2019)
acinar carcinoma then solid
What was elevated in dogs with acinar pancreatic carcinoma? (Aupperle-Leebach Comp Path 2019)
cPLI, DGGR lipase, cTLI and CRP
What was the metastatic rate in 22 dogs with pancreatic carcinoma? (Aupperle-Leebach, J Comp. Path 2019)
63.6% (14/22)
What is the main cause of non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia?
IGF-2 (has been found in dogs with pancreatic carcinoma)
What was the rate of major post-op complications in dogs treated with surgery for gastric carcinoma? (Abrams Vet Surg 2019)
8/40 dogs - septic peritonitis (20%)
What were the median PFI and MST for dogs treated with surgery for gastric carcinoma? (Abrams Vet Surg 2019)
PFI 54d, MST 178d
What do gastric carcinoids arise from?
Enterchormaffin cells
What has been associated with an increased risk of gastric carcinoids in people?
chronic PPI use
What IHC markers have been found in gastric carcinoma? What were they associated with? (Carrasco Vet Path 2011)
p53 overexpression - tumor infiltration
p21 loss - lymphatic vessel invasion
Heat Shock Protein (HSP70) overexpressed in all gastric ca
What is Menetrier disease?
Hypertrophic gastropathy with hyperplasia of the mucous cells + concurrent loss of chief and parietal cells
Menetrier dcisease is a known risk factor for ___ in people and has been found in what breed of dog?
Gastric adenocarcinoma; Carin Terriers
What percent of gastric carcinomas stained positive for carbohydrate tumor antigen C2-O-sLEx and what was it associated with? (Janke Vet Path 2010)
56%; stronger staining in poorly differentiated tumors
Assoc. with mets and poor prog in humans
What are the most common clinical findings in horses with gastric neoplasia? (Taylor JVIM 2009)
Inappetence and weight loss
What was the most common gastric tumor type found in horses? What other types were found? (Taylor JVIM 2009)
SCC most common
Leiomyoma, mesothelioma, adenocarcinoma, LSA
What was the MST for horses with gastric tumors? (Taylor JVIM 2009)
MST 4wks
What is the overall rate of metastasis for gastric carcinoma in dogs?
70-90%
What mutations have been found in human gastric carcinoma that are also suspected to be involved in canine GCa
EGFR, KRAS, HER3
What is the most common mesenchymal gastric tumor in dogs?
Leiomyomas
Gastric leiomyomas are associated with what paraneoplastic syndrome caused by secretion of what?
Hypoglycemia from insuline-like GF II-like peptide
What two IHC markers should be used for differentiating b/w canine GIST and leiomyosarcomas?
DOG1 and KIT
What dogs were found to be significantly predisposed to massive HCC? (Leela-Arporn Vet J 2019)
Beagles and Welsh Corgi
Copper concentration in non-neoplastic liver from dogs with HCC was (higher/lower) than in dogs w/o HCC. Copper concentration w/in the actual neoplastic tissue was (higher/lower) from HCC compared with non-neoplastic tissue (Harrow JVIM 2019)
Higher in dogs w/HCC
Copper levels lower in actual HCC tissue
What trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium and iron) are ____ in HCC tissue compared to non-noeplastic hepatic tissue (Harrow, JVIM 2019)
decreased in HCC
aberrant expression of microRNAs in what pathway have been identified in HCC cell lines? (Lai VCO 2018)
miR-1/MET pathway (MET = target gene of miR-1)
mi-R-1 downregulated in HCC w/ MET upregulation
What was the MST for dogs treated with intracavitary mito and/or carbo for carcinomatosis vs. untreated dogs? (Charney VCO 2016)
Untreated: 25d
Treated 322d
(well-tolerated treatment)
What was the rate of blood transfusions for dogs and cats treated with liver lobectomy? (JAVMA 2017)
Dogs: 18%
Cats: 44%
What was the mortality rate of dogs and cats undergoing liver lobectomy? (Handson JAVMA 2017)
Dogs: 8%
Cats 22%
What variables were associated with an increased mortality in dogs and cats undergoing liver lobectomy? (Hanson, JAVMA 2017)
Dogs: low PCV/TS perioperatively, transfusion required
Cats: low post-op PCV
How does microwave abaltion work?
generation of controlled thermal energy through an antenna to a focal area of tissue –> tumor cell death
Heat made by rapid oscillation of an EM field generating polar molecule friction
What are advantages of microwave ablation over radio frequency ablation? (Yang, JAVMA 2017)
More rapid, homogenous and a predictable heat zone
What dual phase CT features correlated with histopath dx for hepatic and splenic masses? (Jones VRU 2016)
Trick questsion - they didn’t find any to distinguish malignant vs. nonmalignant masses
What was the objective response rate in dogs treated with 3DCRT for massive HCC? (Mori JSAP 2015)
Objective response 5/6 dogs
What was the MST for dogs with massive HCC treated with 3DCRT? What was the RT protocol? (Mori JSAP 2015)
6-10Gy/fx to a total 18-42 Gy (fx given 1-2x/wk)
MST 567d
How well was 3DCRT tolerated in dogs with massive HCC? (Mori JSAP 2015)
Well - RT-induced liver tox in one but reversible, no other AEs
What are the four types of primary liver tumors in dogs?
Hepatocellular, bile duct, neuroendocrine and mesenchymal
What was the response to single agent Palladia for dogs with massive inoperable HCC? (Heishima JAAHA 2018)
3 PR, 1 SD, 2 PD
What was the overall MST for dogs treated with gemcitabine for HCC +/- surgery? What was associated with improved MST (Elpiner VCO 2011)
Overall 983d
Massive (1193d) better than nodule (983d) better than diffuse (113d)
Incompletely excised tumors better (1339d) better than nonresectable (197d)
Does HCC have a preference for liver lobe location in cats? (Goussev JAAHA 2016)
Nope - equally distributed b/w R and L liver
What was the clinical presentation for cats with HCC (Goussev JAAHA 2016)
Incidentally diagnosed in 42%
Palpable abdominal mass in 21%
MST of cats with HCC treated with surgery? (Goussev JAAHA 2016)
2.4yrs
What IHC marker did all hepatobiliary neuroendocrine carcinomas in cats stain positive for (Patnaik Vet Path 2005)
Neuron-specific enolase
What were the US and CT accuracy in localizing solitary hepatic masses in dogs (surgery or necropsy) (Cheney JSAP 2019)
CT 84%
AUS 74%
What is the liver-specific contrast agent used for MR? (Constant VRU 2016) **committee paper**
Gadoxetate disodium (GD-EOB-DTPA)
What was the MR appearance for HCC in dogs using GD-EOB-DTPA contrast? (Constant VRU 2016) **committee paper**
All lesions hypointense to surrounding normal liver on 3DT1 weighted gradient recalled echo images, found new lesions in 3/7 dogs
AUS correctly localized liver masses in what % of dogs? What location was it best for? (Wormser Vet Surg 2016)
Overall 51.8% correct - best for R or L liver compared to central (3.2x more likely to be correct)
What are the most common triple-phase CT findings for HCC? (Kutara VRU 2014)
Heterogenous pattern with hyper-, iso and hypo-enhancement in both arterial and portal venous phases
What are the most common triple-phase CT findings for hepatic nodular hyperplasia (Kutara VRU 2014)
Homogenous pattern with hyper and isoenhancement in the portal venous and delayed phases
What are the most common triple-phase CT findings for metastatic liver lesions? (Kutara VRU 2014)
homogenous hypoenhancement pattern in arterial and portal venous phases
What are the cytologic features of well-differentiated HCC? (Masserdotti Vet Clin Path 2012)
dissociation of hepatocytes
acinar or palisading arrangements of neoplastic cells
presence of naked nucleai
mild anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, multinuclearity and increased N:C ratio
What percent of liver tumors had >50% Ki67-positive cells? How did this compare to non-neoplastic liver disease? (Neumann Vet Clin Path 2005)
100%; 20/21 non-neoplastic has no or few Ki67 positive cells
What primates may have an increased risk of HCC and mutations in what were found in 2/3 of tumors from these species? (Cullen Vet Path 2011)
Lemurs and lorises (also have a high metastatic rate 50%)
H-ras
What are the ultrasound features of insulinoma in ferrets? (Wu VRU 2017)
primarily hypoechoic with smooth margin
majority in R or L lobe vs the body
What was the response rate to Palladia for dogs with gross disease GIST? (Berger JVIM 2018)
71% (5/7) dogs had clinical benefit
3CR, 1PR, 1SD
What was the median PFI for dogs with gross disease GIST treated with palladia? (Berger, JVIM 2018)
110wks (range 36-155wks)
What was the median PFI for dogs with microscopic disease GIST treated with Palladia? (Berger JVIM 2018)
67wks (range 9-257wks)
What were associated with shorter PFI in dogs with macroscopic or microscopic GIST treated with Palladia? (Berger JVIM 2018)
mets at diagnosis, high MI
What was the median DFI and MST for cats treated with subtotal colectomy + carbo for colonic adenocarcinoma? (Arteaga JAAHA 2012)
DFI 251, MST 269d
What were prognostic factors associated with MST for cats treated with subtotal colectomy + carbo for colonic ADCA? (Arteaga JAAHA 2012)
Nodal and distant mets = negative prognostic
What was the metastatic rate for cats treated with subtotal colectomy + carbo for colonic ADCA?
76%
What was the MST and 1- and 2-yr survival rates for dogs treated with surgery +/- chemo for SI ADCA? (Smith JAVMA 2019)
MST 544d
1-yr: 60%, 2-yr 36%
What was prognostic for dogs with SI ADCA treated with surgery +/- chemo (Smith, JAVMA 2019)
<8yr MST 1193 vs. >8yr 488d
LN mets (134 vs. 960d)
chem (w/ 611d vs. 488 wo)
NSAID NOT assoc. with survival
What were the rates of c-kit exon 11 mutations via PCR and rt-PCR for canine GIST? (Takanosu Vet J 2016)
PCR: 32.6%
RT-PCR 73.9%
On AUS, what features were associated with GIST? (Hobbs, VRU 2015)
GIST more likely to be assoc’ with abdominal effusion
All tumors of the cecum were GIST
For dogs and cats with gastric neoplasia, what percent was AUS able to detect vs. endoscopy? (Marfolf JSAP 2015)
AUS = 50%
Endoscopy = 95%
What was the most commonly missed tumor type on AUS or endoscopy in dogs and cats? (Marolf JSAP 2015)
LSA
What feature on imaging of the intestine is much more likely to be related to a tumor vs. enteritis? (VRU 2003)
Loss of wall layering - 50.9x more likely to be tumor vs. enteritis
What was the MST for dogs with intestinal adenocarcinoma (Paoloni VRU 2012)
233d.
Serum cobalamin was significantly lower in cats with what disease? (Jugan JFMS 2017)
LSA or IBD vs. other GI neoplasia
WHat was the relationship between serum cobalamin changes in cats with the presence of AUS changes? (Jugan JFMS 2017)
No difference in cobalamin for presence of abnormalities, specific AUS changes or albumin concentration –> don’t rule out GI disease with low-normal cobalamin even w/ concurrent normal AUS
What were are most common intestinal cancers in cats? (Jissetto JAAHA 2011)
Most common: LSA
Most common nonlymphoid = adenocarcinoma
What were risk factors for cats with intestinal neoplasia? (Rissetto JAAHA 2011)
Siamese breed
Age >7yr
MI and FI cats had decreased risk (may be because older patients more likely to be neutered)
Hepatic tumor blood flow - primarily portal vein or hepatic artery? (JVIM 2019)
Tumors = significant decrease in portal blood flow compared to normal liver based on mesenteric angiography
Copper and other trace mineral (iron, selenium, zinc) concentrations are higher or lower in HCC tissue compared to surrounding non-neoplastic tissue? (JVIM 2019)
Lower
Copper concentration is higher or lower in non-neoplastic tissue from dogs with HCC compared to control dogs without HCC (JVIM 2019)
Higher
Inflammatory polyps progressing to colorectal adenoma and/or adenocarcinoma is associated with what breed of dog? (Saito Vet Path 2018)
Mini Dachshunds
Abberations in what may be involved in tumor development in inflammatory colorectal polyps in dogs (Saito Vet Path 2018)
Beta-catenin (positive in nuclei sig higher in adenoma (46%) and ACA (75%) vs. polyp (6%)
APC expression - decreased in areas of intense nuclear beta-catenin expression in adenoma and ACA (homogenous in normal epithelial cells and polyps)
What were the most common clinical signs in dogs with rectal masses? (Adamovich-Rippe JAVMA 2017)
hematochezia (92.7%), tenesmus (57.3%), dyschezia (22%), mucous in stool (15.9%)
What was the agreement in diagnosis from colonoscopy and surgical histo for dogs with rectal masses? (Adamovich-Rippe JAVMA 2017)
68% (11/16)
Annular/diffuse rectal masses in dogs were significantly associated with what on histo? (Adamovich-Rippe JAVMA 2017)
More likely to be adenocarcinoma and more likely to be high grade
What was the rate of multiple rectal masses found in dogs with rectal masses examined with colonoscopy? (Adamovich-Rippe JAVMA 2017)
7.3% (6/82) had multiple vs. 92.7% hd single masses
Of 40 GI sarcomas in dogs, what were the types/rates of occurrence? (Hayes Vet Path 2013)
45% GIST
30% leiomyosarcomas
25% nonGIST/non-leiomyosarcoma (arising from Schwann cells, perinerual or endoneurial fibroblasts)
What were the IHC features for GIST in dogs? (Hayes Vet Path 2013)
Positive for KIT and vimentin
78% S100+, 33% SMA+
33% KIT mutation exon 11
Where were most GISTS located and what was their rate of mets? (Hayes Vet Path 2013)
Most in small intestine
28% rate of mets to liver, LN and omentum
What were the IHC features of leiomyosarcomas in dogs? (Hayes Vet Path 2013)
positive SMA, negative KIT
Well differentiated - weak or no vimentin, poorly differentiated strong vimentin +
What were the IHC features of non-GIST/non-leiomyosarc tumors in dogs? (Hayes Vet Path 2013)
KIT and SMA negative
Vimentin + and either S100 and/or Pgp9.5+
What was strongly correlated with mitotic index in colorectal carcinoma in dogs? (Woldemeskel BMC 2017)
Ki-67 index
What inflammatory cells were higher in canine colorectal carcinoma vs. controls (Woldemeskel BMC 2017)
mast cells higher in carcinoma vs. adenoma and controls
tumor assosicated macrophages higher in carcinoma and adenoma vs. controls
What is the #1 mutated gene in human pancreatic tumors? What is the rate of mutation for this gene in canine and feline pancreatic cancer?
KRAS - exons 12, 13 and 61
No KRAS mutations found in dogs and cats
What is the rate of cox2 expression in colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas? (McEntee 2002)
adenomas: 65%, adenocarcinoma 47%
What was the rate of CD34 expression in canine GIST? (Gillespie Vet Path 2011)
14.8%
Small intestinal tumor swere more likely to have greater what compared to large intestinal tumors in dogs? (Gillespie Vet Path 2011)
Mitotic index, Ki67 and AgNOR
What % of smooth muscle tumors were reclassified as GIST based on KIT staining in the 2011 Gillespie vet path paper?
55%
What was the MST for dogs treated with surgery for intestinal leiomyosarcoma? (Cohen JVIM 2013)
21.3mo for dogs that survived the post-op period (10/14)
What was the rate of metastasis for dogs with intesintal leiomyosarcoma and was was their survival? (Cohen JVIM 2013)
7 dogs had mets (54%) - mesenteric, splenic and heaptic
Still had prolonged survival - 21.7mo
What was associated with an increased risk of fecal incontinence for dogs treated with rectal pull-through sx for rectal masses? (Nucci JAVMA 2014)
complete 360o anal resection and removal of >6cm of rectum
What was the most common complication (and rate of this) for rectal pull-through surgery for rectal masses in dogs? (Nucci JAVMA 2014)
Fecal incontience (56.8%), permanent in 54.8%
What was the MST for dogs treated for rectal carcinoma with a rectal pull-through surgery? (Nucci JAVMA 2014)
MST 696d
What were the most common linguinal tumors in dogs having surgical treatment for lingual neoplasia? (Culp JAVMA 2013)
SCC 32%
OMM 30%
What was the MST for dogs with lingual SCC treated with surgery? (Culp JAVMA 2013)
216d
What was the MST for dogs with lingual OMM treated with surger? (Culp JAVMA 2013)
241d
What was the only variable that was prognostic for dogs treated with surgery for lingual neoplasia? (Culp JAVMA 2013)
Size
≥2cm = MST 207d
<2cm MST 818d.
What was associated with incomplete margins and local recurrence for dogs with lingual tumors (JAAHA 2008)
Increasing size
Incomplete margins also more likely to recur (duh)
What was the MST for dogs with lingual plasmacytoma treated with curative intent surgery (Syrcle JAAHA 2008)
MST >1607d
MST/ 1 and 2yr survival rates for dogs with small intestinal adenocarcinoma treated with surgery alone (Smith, JAVMA 2019)
MST 544d 1yr 60%, 2yr 36%
Factors associated with survival for dogs with small intestinal adenocarcinoma treated with surgery alone (Smith, JAVMA 2019)
Age <8yr MST 1193d, ≥8yrs = 488d
MST dogs with small intestinal adenocarcinoma treated with surgery alone with LN mets or chemo(Smith, JAVMA 2019)
LN mets - confirmed in 5 (MST 134d vs 960d) Chemo - 611d vs. 488d (NSAID not associated with increased survival time)
