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Human Anatomy > Skeletal System: Axial Division > Flashcards

Skeletal System: Axial Division Flashcards

1
Q

How many UNFUSED vertebral column?

A

24

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2
Q

How many FUSED vertebral column?

A

9

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3
Q

5 Regions of Vertebrae

A 
CERVICAL
THORACIC
LUMBAR
SACRUM
COCCYGEAL
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4
Q

CERVICAL REGION

A

Atlas, Axis, C3 - C7

most unstable bc of high degree of flexibility

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5
Q

THORACIC REGION

A

T1 - T12

12 bones separated by intervertebral discs

has costal facets on vertebral body, transverse process w transverse costal facets

larger than cervical bones, smaller than lumbar bones

has smaller foramens

superior and interior articular facets are almost vertical

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6
Q

LUMBAR REGION

A

L1 - L5

largest vertebrae that carries most weight
large vertebral body, large non bifid spinous process

flexion, extension and some rotation

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7
Q

SACRUM REGION

A

S1 - S5

triangular bone between lateral pelvis bones
has median sacral crest which surrounds 4 spinous tubercles
has SACRAL CANAL above and SACRAL HIATUS inferior which contains spinal nerve ending cauda equina

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8
Q

COCCYX

A

3-5 fused terminal bones

aka tailbone. provides attachment for muscles of lower limb

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9
Q

PRIMARY CURVATURE

aka ACCOMODATORY

A

convex (outward) curvature aka KYPHOSIS

thoracic and sacral region

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10
Q

SECONDARY CURVATURE

aka COMPENSATORY

A

concave curvatures aka LORDOSIS

found in cervical and lumbar regions

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11
Q

When does Primary and Secondary Curvature appear?

A
  1. Primary curvature occurs during fetal development

2. Secondary curvature occurs several months after birth during the shift from crawling to sitting to walking

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12
Q

Atypical Cervical Vertebraes

A

Atlas, Axis, C7

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13
Q

ATLAS

aka C1

A

atypical bs missing spinous process and vertebral body

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14
Q

AXIS

aka C2

A

atypical bc of ODONTOID PEG/PROCESS aka DENS - bony superior projection that fits between transverse ligament and Atlas’ lateral mass

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15
Q

Typical Thoracic Vertebrae

A

T5-T8

long, vertically oriented spinal processes
allos rotary movement but limits flexion, extension, and lateral mvmt

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16
Q

Atypical Thoracic Vertebrae

A

T1-T4, T9-T12

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17
Q

T1-4

A

spinous process is almost horizontal

T1 is most prominent and has complete facet on lateral surface and superior of vertebral body

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18
Q

T9-T12

A

looks similar to lumbar vertebra bs they have tubercles

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19
Q

INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

A

separates each cervival, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

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20
Q

INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN

A

opening formed bw the vertebral bodies and articular processes of 2 adjacent spinal vertebrae

acts as a passageway be spinal canal and periphery for spinal nerves to exit

there are 2 intervertebral foramens - left and right

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21
Q

2 Layers of Intervertebral Discs

A

ANNULUS FIBROSUS - tough outer layer

NUCLEUS PULPOSUS - softer inner layer

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22
Q

ANNULUS FIBROSUS

A

outer layer of disc composed of multiple layers of fibrous collagen

composition limits the rotation of the vertebrae

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23
Q

NUCLEUS PULPOSUS

A

inner layer of disc that is a jelly-like substance

spreads compressive forces evenly over vertebral body surface

prevents friction be two vertebrae as they move

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24
Q

ALA of sacrum

A

2 superior wings of sacrum

responsible for transmitting weight from upper body to sacroiliac joints

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25
Q

THORACIC CAGE 3 GROUPS

A

1 Ribcage and Costal Cartilages
2 Thoracic Vertebrae and their Intervertebral (IV) discs
3 Sternum

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26
Q

Superior Boundary of Thoracic Cage

A

superior thoracic aperture is formed by superior border of manubrium anteriorly,
superior surface of first rib laterally,
and body of T1 posteriorly

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27
Q

Inferior Boundary of Thoracic Cage

A

T12 posteriorly, T11-T12 posterolaterally, 7-10 Costal Cartilage anterolaterally, Xiphoid Process anteriorly

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28
Q

Lateral Boundary of Thoracic Cage

A

12 Costal Cartilages and 12 ribs on each side

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29
Q

Anterior Boundary of Thoracic Cage

A

sternum on midline and 12 Costal Cartilages

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30
Q

Posterior Boundary of Thoracic Cage

A

thoracic vertebrae at midline and associated ribs

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31
Q

Functions of Thoracic Wall

A
  1. protect heart, lungs, neurovascular structures, and superiority located abdominal organs
  2. provide attachment sites for respiratory muscles
  3. attachment sites for muscles that belong to other regions of body (i.e. neck, upper limb, abdomen)
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32
Q

MANUBRIUM

A

widest and thickest, superior part of Sternum
has slight u shape superiorly aka JUGULAR NOTCH

on superiolaterally are CLAVICULAR NOTCH

laterally on each side are Costal Notch I and COSTA NOTCH II

ANGLE OF LOUIS is inferior sternal angle

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33
Q

BODY OF STERNUM

A

longest part of sternum w transverse ridges on anterior surface

Costal Notches II-VII
Costal Notch VII articulates costal cartilages 7-10

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34
Q

XIPHOID PROCESS

A

most inferior part of Sternum

Articulates w superior Body of Sternum at xiphisternal joint

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35
Q

RIBS

A

consist of head, neck tubercle, and shaft

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36
Q

Ribs w 1 Articular facet on their head

A

1, 10-12

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37
Q

Ribs that lack neck and tubercle

A

11 12

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38
Q

Ribs w extra bony features

A

1 2

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39
Q

HEAD of Ribs

A

round posterior extremity

contains 1-2 Articular Surface for corresponding superior articular surface of Thoracic Vertebrae

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40
Q

NECK of Ribs

A

narrower section that connects HEAD to SHAFT of rib

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41
Q

TUBERCLE of ribs

A

lies posteriorly at junction of neck and shaft of rib

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42
Q

SHAFT of ribs

A

longest part to provide attachment sites for respiratory muscles

has COSTAL GROOVE in inferior aspect of internal surface

has ANTERIOR SURFACE for costal cartilages to attach to

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43
Q

COSTAL GROOVE

A

provides space for intercostal artery, nerve, and vein to run

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44
Q

3 Types of Ribs

A

1 TRUE RIBS
2 FALSE RIBS
3 FLOATING RIBS

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45
Q

TRUE RIBS

A

Ribs who’s Costal Cartilages are directly attached to Sternum

Ribs 1-7

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46
Q

FALSE RIBS

A

Ribs indiretly attached to sternum

Ribs 8-10 are attached to Costal Cartilage of Rib 7

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47
Q

FLOATING RIBS

A

ribs whos costal cartilage do not have attachment to the sternum

Ribs 11 - 12

48
Q

Movement of Thoracic Cage

A

1 Inspiration - contraction os muscles causes ribs to move superiority, sternum to move anteriorly, and diaphragm to move inferiorly

2 Expiration - muscles relax and ribs move inferiority, diaphragm returns upwards

49
Q

Movements of Ribcage

A

when inferior aspect of sternum moves anterior, it increases the diameter of thoracic cage

when ribcage moves superior, it increases the lateral diameter of thoracic cage

50
Q

Bones of Pectoral/Shoulder Girdle

A

connects upper limbs to trunk

consist of Scapula and Clavicle

51
Q

ACROMION

A

spine of scapula that projects laterally

52
Q

CLAVICLE

A

S shaped bone that connects to sternum and scapula

53
Q

RADIUS

A

Lateral and shorter bone of the forearm

PROXIMAL - HEAD (articulates w radial notch of Ulna, NECK, and RADIAL TUBEROSITY

BODY

DISTAL - broader than proximal end. has STYLOID PROCESS projection laterally, ULNAR NOTCH

54
Q

Common forearm fractures

A

1 Colles Fracture - distal displacement from falling on outstretched hands
2 Smith’s Fracture - distal displacement of hand/wrist from falling onto back of hands

55
Q

ULNA

A

most medial and longer forearm. Ulna is the stabilizer

composed of proximal end, shaft, and distal end

56
Q

proximal part of Ula

A

massive hook which consist of OLCRANEON PROCESS (pointy elbow) and CORANOID PROCESS (projects fr anterior of ulna)

on lateral side is RADIAL NOTCH (concave)

most distal side is ULNAR TUBEROSITY (where brachailis muscle attaches)

57
Q

distal end of ULNA

A

smooth rounded head

has ULNAR STYLOID PROCESS (cylindrical projection on the posterior head of Ulna)

DOES NOT participate w wrist joints!!!

58
Q

WRIST

A

made of 8 carpal bones

allows for large degree of flexibility

2 ROWS

59
Q

PROXIMAL ROW

from lateral to medial of wrists

A

SCAPHOID (most commonly fractured when person falls on their hand)
LUNATE
TRIQUETRUM
PISIFORM (anterior of triquetrum)

60
Q

DISTAL ROW

from lateral to medial

A

TRAPEZIUM
TRAPEZOID
CAPITATE
HAMATE (has a process called HOOK OF HAMATE)

61
Q

METACARPALS

A 
I - THUMB
II - INDEX
III - MIDDLE
IV - RING
V - LITTLE FINGER

distal ends form the knuckles

62
Q

14 PHALANGES

A

5 PROXIMAL
4 MIDDLE
5 DISTAL

*thumb doesnt have a middle phalanx

63
Q

BONY PELVIS

A

basin-like bony structure composed of left/right hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx.

orientation is slightly tilted anteriorly which means the weight of internal organs are supported by the pubic bone

64
Q

HIP BONE

A

composed of 3 fused irregular bones: ILIUM (superiorly), ISCHIUM (posteroinferiorly), and PUBIS (anteroinferiorly)

Weight bearing, protection, attachment site for trunk and limb muscles, and skeletal framework for birth canal

65
Q

BONY PELVIS JOINTS

A

fibrous joint called PUBIC SYMPHYSIS connects right/left hip bones

LEFT/RIGHT SACROILIAC JOINTS articulates the lateral aspect of sacrum to right/left iliac bones.

66
Q

SACROILIAC JOINT

A

articulates the sacrum to the right and left ilium of the hip

responsible for the eight transfer from axial skeleton down to lower limbs

67
Q

PELVIC INLET

A

superior aperture of pelvis
defines the boundary bw abdominal and pelvic cavities

composed of PUBIC SYMPHYSIS, ARCUATE LINE of the ILIUM, sacral part of pelvic brinm, and SACRAL PROMONTORY

heart shaped in males; oval shaped in females

68
Q

PELVIC OUTLET

A

Coccyx,SACROTUBEROUS LIGAMENT, ISCHIAL TEBEROSITY, ISCHIOPUBIC RAMUS, and PUBIC SYMPHYSIS

diamond shaped on both sexes but larger in females

69
Q

FALSE PELVIS

A

superior portion of pelvis; superior of pelvic inlet

cup-shape area of iliac crest and oliac fossae

70
Q

TRUE PELVIS

A

superior to pelvic outlet and inferior to pelvic inlet

71
Q

PELVIC CAVITY

A

space contained within TRUE PELVIS and surrounded by fibromuscular structures of pelvic wall, and pelvic floor

organs: urinary bladder, rectum, pelvic parts of genitelia,

72
Q

SCIATIC FORAMENS

A

different fr other openings in body bc its not completely enclosed by bones

GREATER SCIATIC FORAMEN enclosed by sciatic notch, sacrospinous ligament, and sacrum

LESSER SCIATIC FORAMEN enclosed by sciatic notch, sacrospinous ligament and sacrotuberous ligament

73
Q

ACETABULUM

A

area of hip bone that articulates with HEAD OF FEMUR and made of ilium, ischium, and pubis bone.
alsmost hemispherical cavity anteroinferiorly

74
Q

OBTURATOR FORAMEN

A

opening between ischium, pubis bone, and acetabulum

75
Q

SKULL

A

22 bones

subdivided into NEUROCRANIUM (skullcap and cranial base) and VISCEROCRANIUM (face)

76
Q

NEUROCRANIUM

A

4 unpaired bones in midline:
FRONTAL, ETHMOID, SPHENOID, OCCIPITAL

4 bilateral pairs:
(2)TEMPORAL BONES, (2) PARIETAL BONES

77
Q

VISCEROCRANIUM

A

3 unpaired bones
MANDIBLE, VOMER

6 paired
NASAL BONE, MAXILLAE, ZYGOMATIC, NASAL CONCHAE, LACRIMAL, PALATINE

78
Q

CRANIAL FOSSAE

A

step like depression within cranial cavity which allows for cerebellum, brainstem, to rest against skull

3 main:
ANTERIOR, MIDDLE, POSTERIOR

79
Q

SUTURES

A

fibrous joints connected via dense connective tissue
strong, stable, inmovable

during early dvlpt. known as FONTANELLES and then they ossify

80
Q

4 Cranial Sutures

A

CORONAL
SAGITTAL
LABDOID
SQUAMOUS

81
Q

CORONAL SUTURE

A

connects frontal bone (anteriorly) and 2 parietal bones (posteriorly)

82
Q

SAGITTAL SUTURE

A

runs anterior to posterior connecting 2 parietal bones

83
Q

SQUAMOUS SUTURE

A

only bilateral suture

connects temporal bone (inferiorly) to parietal bone (superiorly)

84
Q

LAMBDOID SUTURE

A

connects occipital bone (posterior and inferiorly) to 2 parietal bones (superiorly)

85
Q

PARANASAL SINUSES

A

series of cavities along the nose or nasal cavity
lined w mucus producing cells

main functions: decrease overall weight of skull, and add resonance to the voice

86
Q

FRONTAL SINUS

A

superior and medial to the orbits of eyes

87
Q

MAXILLARY SINUSES

A

2 largest sinuses
inferior to frontal sinuses

drains superiorly and most prime to infection

88
Q

SPHENOIDAL SINUSES

A

posterior to sphenoid bones (almost completely center of skull) is sphneoidal sinuses

89
Q

ETHMOIDAL SINUS

A

aka ETHMOID AIR CELLS

can be broken down to as many as 18 cells in an adult

90
Q

FORAMINA OF THE SKULLS

A

opening thru which cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and other structures pass though to enter/exit the brain

identified by following cranial nerves:
CN-I starts anteriorly and ends with CN-XII posteriorly

91
Q

LIST OF FORAMINAS OF SKULL

A 
CRIBRIFORM PLATE
OPTIC FORAMEN/CANAL
SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE
FORAMEN ROTUNDUM
FORAMEN OVALE
FORAMEN SPINOSUM
STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN
INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS
JUGULAR FORAMEN
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE
FORAMEN MAGNUM
FORAMEN LACERUM
92
Q

CRIBRIFORM PLATE

A

CN-I

most anterior aspect of skull located w/in ethmoid bone

93
Q

OPTIC FORAMEN/CANAL

A

CN-II and ophthalmic artery

posterior to cribriform plate; first of many openings of sphenoid bone

94
Q

SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

A

opens into orbit for CN-III (ocuomotor), IV (trochlear), V1 (ophthalmic div. of trigeminal nerve),

larger than avg opening; boomerang shaped

95
Q

FORAMEN ROTUNDUM

A 
CN V2 (maxillary div. of trigeminal nerve) 
CN V3 (mandibular division of trigeminal nerve)
96
Q

FORAMEN SPINOSUM

A

no CN; middle meningeal artery/vein pass thrusmallest opening of all sphenoid bones; posterolateral of foramen ovale

97
Q

INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS

A

CN-VII (facial nerve), CN-VIII (vestibulocochlear) temporal bone (petrous ridge)

98
Q

JUGULAR FORAMEN

A

CN-IX(glossopharyngeal nerve), CN-X(vagus nerve), CN-XI (spinal accessory nerve)

99
Q

FORAMEN MAGNUM

A

largest openng in skull for SPINAL CORD

no CN

100
Q

FORAMEN LACERUM

A

Internal Carotid Artery appears at superior point (doesn’t pass thru, just bounces off) bw sphenoid and temporal bone
covered in cartilage

101
Q

HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL

A

CN-XII hypoglossal nerve

inferior surface of skull

102
Q

MANDIBLE

A

has ALVEOLAR PROCESS that holes mandibular teeth

2 U shaped processes in most superior:
CONDYLE OF THE MANDIBLE (most posterior) and CORONOID PROCESS OF MANDIBLE (anterior to condyle)

103
Q

CONDYLE OF MANDIBLE

A

important for temporo-mandibular joing

104
Q

CORONOID PROCESS OF MANDIBLE

A

important for attachment of muscles for movement

105
Q

RAMUS OF THE MANDIBLE

A

inferior to Condyle and Coronoid of Mandible, posterolateral to Body of Mandible

has sharp 90 degree angle called ANGLE OF THE MANDIBLE

106
Q

Body of Mandible

A

most anterior portion

107
Q

RAMUS OF THE MANDIBLE

A

inferior to Condyle and Coronoid of Mandible, posterolateral to Body of Mandible

has sharp 90 degree angle called ANGLE OF THE MANDIBLE

in medial surface, has MANDIBULAR FORAMEN (for nerves, blood vessels, for sensation on chill, lower lip, buccal gingivae, and teeth)

108
Q

Body of Mandible

A

most anterior portion

has ALVEOLAR PROCESS (for teeth) and 2 MENTAL FORAMEN (small passageway for MENTAL NERVE)

109
Q

TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT

(TMJ)

A

hinge type of synovial joint (allows mvmt in more planes than avg hinge joint)

2 bony features separated by fibrocartilage disc:
MANDIBULAR PROCESS (of mandible) and MANDIBULAR FOSSA (of temporal bone)
110
Q

3 TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT MVMT

A

elevation

depression

protraction

retraction

111
Q

2 sets of Teeth

A 
1 PRIMARY (DECIDUOUS, 20 teeth)
2 SECONDARY (PERMANENT, 32 teeth)
112
Q

4 Quadrants of Teeth

A

L + R Maxilla

L + R Mandible

113
Q

3 Components of Tooth

A

Crown
Neck covered by GINGIVAL (gum)
Root embedded in alveolar bone

114
Q

GOMPHOSIS JOINT

A

fibrous joint that attached tooth to bone

115
Q

Categories of Teeth

A

INCISORS (8 total; 2 in each medial quadrant)

CANINE (4 total, 1 lateral to incisors in each quadrant)

PREMOLARS (8 total, 2 lateral to canine in each quadrant)

MOLARS (12 total, 3 in each quad, most posterior)

Human Anatomy (29 decks)

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