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Human Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Organization of Nervous System

A
  1. Central Nervous System
    1a. Brain
    2a. Spinal Cord
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
    2a. AFFERENT (to CNS)
    2b. EFFERENT (fr CNS)
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2
Q

Process of Nervous System

A

a. special sensory receptors, visceral receptors, somatic sensory receptos&raquo_space; PNS AFFERENT DIV.&raquo_space; CNS for info processing&raquo_space; PNS EFFERENT DIV&raquo_space;
a. SOMATIC&raquo_space;> skeletal muscles
b. AUTONOMIC&raquo_space; sympathetic or parasympathetic&raquo_space; smooth and cardiac muscles, glands, adipose

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3
Q

2 Tyes of Cells in the Nervous System

A

Neuroglia

Neurons

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4
Q

SOMA

A

neuron cell body

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5
Q

PERIKARYON

A

region around nucleus in neuron

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6
Q

DENDRITES

A

branching sensory processes on SOMA

In CNS, dendrites are highly branched

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7
Q

SYMPATHETIC NERVES

aka fight or flight

A
  • THORACIC 1 - LUMBAR 2 regions of spinal cord

Short pre-synaptic nerve, long post synaptic

-up heart rate, up respiration rate, control amount of blood reaching target structures, up sweat, pupils dilate, slow digestive process

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8
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES

aka rest, digest, + read

A
  • BRAINSTEM + SACRAL
    regin of spinal cord “craniosacral branches”
  • up digestion, slow down heart rate, slow down rate of respiration, pupil constriction
  • CN III, VII, IX, X + Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves for inferior left abdominal area.
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9
Q

Symphatetic Chain

A

connects the ganglion vertically

carries PRE-SYNAPTIC sympatehtic fibers to superior and interior paravertebral ganglia

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10
Q

SPLANCHNIC NERVE

A

contains fibers that do not synapse in chain

1 pre-ganglionic cell body in CNS
2 axon exit out thru spinal nerve and then travel to sympathetic chain
3 nerve fiber descent infeo-medially towards the pre-aortic ganglia
4 post-ganglionic body received and sends to organs

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11
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

has a motor and sensor function

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12
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC MOTOR

A

LONG pre synaptic nerve + SHORT synaptic nerve

because synapses between pre and post synaptic nerves takes place either next to or w target organs

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13
Q

ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

autonimic nervous sys

A

important for parastalsis
embedded in hollow muscular organs of digestive tract (esophagus to rectum)

has 5x as many neurons then spinal cord

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14
Q

ENTERIC PLEXUSES

A

1 MYENTERIC (AUERBACH) PLEXUS - within circular layer muscles

2 SUBMUCOSAL (MEISSNER) PLEXUS - deep to mucous linings of organs

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15
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

Conal end of spinal cord at L1/L2

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16
Q

Cauda Equina

“horse tail”

A

Inferior to the conus medullaris (end of the spinal cord) are a bunch of axon nerves that continue from L2-Coccyx

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17
Q

Cervical Enlargement +

Lumbosacral Enlargement

A

parts of the spinal cord with more neural cell bodies.

cervical for upper extremity

lumosacral for lower extremities

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18
Q

Brachial Plexus + Sacral Plexus

A

Brachial P is main large plexus of Cervical Enlargement

Sacral Plexus is main large plexus of Lumbosacral Enlargement

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19
Q

Meninges of Spinal Cord

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

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20
Q

Dura Mater of Spinal

A

outermost covering of spinal cord

forms dural sac which contains the spinal cord within vertebral canal

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21
Q

White Matter

A

axons/tracts

sends info

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22
Q

Grey Matter

A

neural cell bodies
processing power

Anterior - motor
Posterior - sensory

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23
Q

SAME

DAVE

A

Sensory Afferent|Motor Efferent

Dorsal Afferent|Ventral Efferent

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24
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

mixed nerve formed by unioin of anterior and posterior nerve roots. as it continutes a short length distally, it branches out into anterior and posterior rami

contains both motor + sensory fibers fr spinal cord

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25
Q

Ventral Primary Rami

A

innervates almost everything else in body especially the extremities
includes plexuses: cervical, brachial, thoracic, and lumbosacral plexuses

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26
Q

Dorsal Primary Rami

A

innervates a small amount of structures in body: deep back muscles, skin overlying them

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27
Q

Denticulate Ligaments

A

What makes up the Pia Mater and is found between each vental and dorsal rootlets

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28
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

soft transluscent weblike membrane pushed up against Dura Mater (which is superficial) fr pressure of CSF

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29
Q

Pia Mater

A

delicate layer Spinal Cord Tissue.

Surrounded by SUBARACHNOID SPACE which is surrounded by Arachnoid Mater

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30
Q

Denticulate Ligaments

A

teeth like extensions of pia mater that holds spinal cord in place laterally onto Dura Mater

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31
Q

Epidural

A

outside of dura mater but inside of vertebral column

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32
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

space bw pia mater and arachnoid mater which is filled w CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID (CSF)

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33
Q

Cerebral Spina Fluid

CSF

A

found in subarachnoid space and central canal.

usually retrieved from a spinal tap in L4/L5 or at the filum terminale of sacrum, and cauda esquina

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34
Q

dermatome

A

an area of skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve

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35
Q

what part of the brain does the spinal cord attach to superiorly

A

Medulla

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36
Q

Real.Truckers.Drink.Cold.Beer

A

Roots: each individual nerve
Trunks: C5 + C6 form Superior Trunk, C7 makes Middle Trunk, C8 + T1 form Inferior Trunk
Divisions: each trunk splits into Posterior Division and Anterior Division
Cords: 3 Posterior Trunks combine into one Posterior Cord, 2 most superior Anterior Divisions will form Lateral Cord, last, inferior Anterior Division will form Median Cord. 3 Cords are surrounding axillary artery
Terminal Branches: Musculocutaneous Nerve (fr Lateral Cord), Median Nerve (fr Lateral and Medial Cord), Ulnar Nerve (fr Medial Cord), Axillary Nerve (fr Posterior Cord), Radial Nerve (fr Posterior Cord)

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37
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

vertebral: C5, C6, C7, T1

VENTRAL ANTERIOR nerves: C5 C6, C7, C8 T1

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38
Q

Musculocutaneous Nerve

A

innervates Anterior Arm:
1 coracobrachialis
2 biceps brachii
3 brachialis

dermatome:
lateral cutaneous region (lateral forearm)

from C5, C6, C7

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39
Q

Radial Nerve

A

innervates Posterior Arm:
1 deltoid
2 teres minor
3 triceps brachii

innervates Anterior Forearm:
4 brachioradialis
5 supinator

dermatome
dorsal aspect of hand and digits (except the tips) from thumb to half of ring finger

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40
Q

Median Nerve

A

innervates Anterior Forearm:
1 pronator teres
2 flexor digitorum profundus
3 flexor digitorum superficialis

innervates Hand:
4 thenar muscles (thumb)
5 2 lateral lumbricals
6 carpal tunnel to reach 9 tendons

dermatome:
anterior 3.5 digits + palm from thumb to half of ring finger.
posterior 3.5 digits’ tips only!

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41
Q

Ulnar Nerve

A

innervates Anterior Forearm:
1 flexor carpi ulnaris
2 (only medial part of) flexor digitorum profundus

innervates Hand:
3 2 medial lumbricals
4 intrinsic muscles (15 small muscles)

dermatome:
posterior and anterior aspects of 1.5 digits + palm from middle of ring finger to pinky finger

42
Q

Nerves of Arms

A 
musculocutaneous nerve (anterior)
radial nerve (posterior)
43
Q

Nerves of Forearm

A 
median nerve (anterior)
ulnar nerve (anterior)
radial nerve (posterior)
44
Q

Nerves of hands

A 
median nerve (thenar muscle + lumbricals)
ulnar nerve (lumbrical + intrinsic muscles)
45
Q

Medial Cutaneous Nerve

A

dermatome

medial forearm and arm from brachial plexus or axilla

46
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

L1-L4

47
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

L4-S3

48
Q

Lower Limb NErves

A 
Lumbosacral Trunk (L4+L5)
Femoral Nerve (L2+L4)
Obturator Nerve (L2+L4)
Sciatic Nerve (L4-S3)
49
Q

Posterior Gluteal Muscle Nerves

A

Femoral Nerve
Inferior Gluteal Nerve
Superior Gluteal Nerve

50
Q

Femoral Nerve

A

posterior limb:
Psoas Major
Iliacus muscle

L2-L4

51
Q

Inferior Gluteal Nerve

A

**inferior, more superficial branching from anterior primary rami

posterior limb:
1 gluteus maximus

52
Q

Superior Gluteal Nerve

A

posterior limb:
1 gluteus medius + minimus
2 tensor of fascia lata

53
Q

Anterior Primary Rami

A

from L4-S2 into pelvic region and exits via Greater Sciatic Foramen.

Splits into Inferior and Superior Gluteal Nerves (named in location to Piriformis muscle)

54
Q

Thigh Region Nerves

A 
Femoral Nerve (Anterior Thigh)
Obturator Nerve (Medial Adductor Thigh)
Sciatic Nerve, Tibial Nerve, Common Fibular Nerve (Posterior Thigh)
55
Q

Femoral Nerve

A

Anterior Hip Flexion/Knee Extensor Thigh:
1 Quadriceps Femoris Muscle
2 Rectus Femoris
3 Sartorius

L2, L3, L4; travels via Inguinal Canal, lateral to Femoral Artery

56
Q

Obturator Nerve

A 
Medial Thigh + Adductors:
1 Adductor Gracilis
2 Adductor Brevis
3 Adductor Longus
4 Adductor Magnus
5 Obturator Externus

branch of Lumbar Plexus from L2, L3, L4
*travels along lateral aspect of pelvic to pass thru Obterator Canal which is within Obturator Foramen (pubis + ischial)

57
Q

Sciatic Nerve

A

splits into Tibial Nerve + Common Fibular Nerve

Posterior Hip Extendor/Knee Flexor Thigh:
1 biceps femoris short + long head
2 Semitendinosus
3 Semimembranosus

Lumbosacral Plexus L4, L5, S1, S2, S3.
*exits hip via greater sciatic foramen, enters glutes, and travels posteriorly

58
Q

Tibial Nerve

A 
Posterior Leg for plantarflexion of ankle:
1 Flexor hallucis longus
2 Flexor digitorum longus
3 Tibialis Posterior
4 Popliteus
5 Gastrocnemius

Distally splits into Medial Plantar N. + Lateral PLantar N. at posterior Dorsum of foot

59
Q

Common Fibular Nerve

A

Originates from L4-S2 which form the Sciatic Nerve. Sciatic N
then splits into Common Fibular N. + Tibial N.

Distally splits into Deep Fibular N. + Superficial Fibular N.

60
Q

Deep Fibular Nerve

A 
Anterior Leg for Dorsiflexion of Ankle:
1 large Tibialis Anterior
2 Extensor digitorum longus
3 Extensor hallucis longus
4 Fibularis Tertius

Dorsum of Foot to extend toes:
5 Extensor digitorum brevis
6 first 2 dorsal interossei muscles

Dermatome:
small wedge of dorsum: medial side of 2nd toe and lateral side of great toe (where flip flip tongs go)

**branch of Common Fibular Nerve

61
Q

Superficial Fibular Nerve

A

Lateral Leg Inverion and plantarflexion of foot:
1 Fibularis longus
2 Fibularis brevis

Dorsum of Foot:
mostly sensory so check dermatome

Dermatome
lateral-anterior leg; most of dorsumof foot

**branch of Common Fibular Nerve

62
Q

Medial Plantar Nerve

A 
Plantar surface of foot:
1 Adductor hallucis
2 Flexor digitorum brevis
3 Flexor hallucis brevis
4 1st lumbrical

dermatome
medial plantar

*from Tibial Nerve

63
Q

Lateral Plantar Nerve

A 
Plantar surface of foot:
1 Abductor digiti minimi
2 Quadratus plantae
3 Flexor digiti minimi
4 Brevis
5 2-5 lumbricals
6 plantar + dorsal interossei muscles

dermatome
lateral plantar

*from Tibial Nerve

64
Q

Cluneal Nerves

A

dermatome

glutes

65
Q

Posterior Cutaneous N. of Thigh

A

dermatome

posterior thigh

66
Q

Anterior Cutaneous N. of Thigh

A

dermatome

front thigh

67
Q

Lateral Cutaneous N. of Thigh

A

dermatome

lateral thigh

68
Q

Sural N.

A

dermatome

posterior leg

69
Q

Nerves of Abdomen

A

nerves will begin much higher and will travel anteriorly-inferiorly down to target areas

70
Q

Nerves of Foregut

A

PARASYMPATHETIC N. from brainstem via VAGUS NERVE:
travels thru Vagus N., passes thru Coeliac Ganglion (no synapse), continues along Coeliac trunk (branches laterally), reaches target organs via synapse.

SYMPATHETIC N. travels via THORACIC SPLANCHNIC N.:
chain of nerves emerge at Coeliac Ganglion where they synapse. Post synaptic axons continue to along the blood supply to their target organs.

71
Q

Foregut

A

refers to superior portion of GI tract from mouth to duodenum.

esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, duodenum

innervated by ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM to control secretion and peristalsis

72
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

10th cranial nerve (CN X); longest course of any cranial nerve fr brainstem to Celiac Plexus (collection of cell bodies), and to the Celiac Trunk to target organs

73
Q

Nerves of Midgut

A

Parasymp. N. course down Vagus N., pass by Celiac Ganglia, continue inferiorly to Superior Mesenteric Artery to target organs

Symp N. arise fr central part of Spinal Cord thru Symp. Chain Ganglias via Thoracic Splanchnic N. to target organs

74
Q

Midgut

A

distal part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, 2/3 of transverse colon

innervated by Enteric Nervous Sys. controls secretion + peristalsis

75
Q

Nerves of Hindgut

A

Parasymp. N. fr S2-S4 via Pelvic Splanchnic N. and course directly to target organs. does not follow blood vessels like others.

Symp. N. Lumber Splanchnic N. fr. L1-L2 course into Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion where branches continue along vessels of Inferior Mesenteric Trunk to target organs

76
Q

Hindgut

A

distal Transverse Colon, Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, Rectum + Anus

77
Q

Innervation of Kidneys

A

Parasymp. N. fr. brainstem via Vagus nerve, passes thru celiac ganglia (no synapse), reaches Aorticorenal Ganglia (no synapse) and reach kidneys

Symp. N. fr L1 via Thoracic + Lumbar Splanchnic N., pass thru Aorticorenal Ganglia to synapse and send post-synaptic axons along to kidneys

78
Q

Lobes of Cerebrum

A

Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe

79
Q

Central Sulcus

A

separates Frontal Lobe fr Parietal Lobe

80
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

separates the cerebrum into right + left hemispheres

physically divided by FALX CEREBRI a dural unfolding that extends down the fissure

81
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

large white matter fiber tract that attached the four lobes

responsible to the left-right pathways in the brain

82
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

(motor, memory, emotion, prob solve, speech)

posterior is PRECENTRAL GYRUS that contains Primary Motor Cortex (important for control of mvmt)

83
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

(sensory cortex, interpreting mvmt, body orientation)

anterior is the POSTCENTRAL GYRUS that contains Primary Somatosensory Cortex associated w interpreting mvmt

84
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

(vision, optic nerves terminate here)

85
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

(perception recognition of auditory stimuli, speech patterns, memory)

Superior Temporal Gyrus is Primary Auditory Cortex for receiving + processing sound

86
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

separates Temporal Lobe fr Parietal Lobe

87
Q

Transverse Fissure

A

horizontal gap that separates cerebrum from cerebelum

TENTORIUM CEREBELLI meningeal fibersto physically divide these structures

88
Q

Parietal-occipital Sulcus

A

separates Parietal Lobe + Occipital Lobe

89
Q

Cerebellum

“little brain”

A

coordinates voluntary mvmt, refining mvmt, maintaining balance/posture

located inferior to Transverse Fissure. Densely layered surface called FOLIUM made of tiny infoldings

VERMIS divides the cerebellum into left + right hemispheres

90
Q

3 Penducles of Cerebellum

A

Superior - communicates w cerebral cortex
Middle - largest; communicates w PONS
Inferior - communicates w other brain centers

91
Q

Brainstem

A

made of Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata, 10/12 Cranial Nerves
Below conscious awareness

Anterior portion is descending motor signals via Corticospinal Tract
Posterior portion is ascending sensory information via Spinothalamic Tract

92
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

most inferior aspect of brainstem; continuous w spinal cord @ foramen magnum

along w CN XI, IX, XII: carries PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS for homeostatic functions.

93
Q

PONS

A

b/w midbrain and medulla; anterior to cerebellum + 4th ventricle

major communication pathway for cerebrum, cerebellum, + spinal cord. Has CN V-VIII

94
Q

Midbrain

A

most superior portion of brainstem

consists of Cerebral Peduncles which allows for communication in/out of cerebellum hemispheres

has Corpora quadrigemini (responsible for reflex actions)

95
Q

Medullary Olive + pyramid

A

Olive is more superior lateral. contains olivary nuclie to help learn complex motor mvmt

96
Q

3 Types of White Matter Tracts

A

1 Association - communication from one region to another of same cerebral hemisphere
2 Commissural - communicates from one cerebral hemisphere to another for coordination of complex mvmt or behavior
3 Projection - communication be higher + lower brain area and spinal cord centers for motor/sensory info

97
Q

Ventricular System

ventricle= hollow cavity

A 
1,2 Lateral Ventricles (makes CSF and transfers via Interventricular Foramen) 
3rd Ventricle (CSF is received and sent via Cerebral aqueduct)
4th Ventricle (received CSF and transported out of ventricular system thru subarachnoid space and central canal to spinal cord

fluid filled cavities that has Choroid Plexus in all ventricles to make CSF

98
Q

Lateral Ventricles

A

internally lined w Choroid Plexus (specialised secretory epithelium responsible for production of CSF)

largest of 4 ventricles

99
Q

Cranial Meninges

A

surround + protect the brain

Front part of skull, Crista Gallo, holds the anterior lateral Falx Cerebri

Dura Mater (makes up Falx Cerebri, Tentorium Cerebelli, Disgpragma sellae, and sunises), Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

100
Q

Middle Meningeal Artery

A

delivers arterial supply

branch of maxillary artery that enters via Foramen Spinosum

101
Q

Dura Mater Brain Sinus

A

sagittal, tranverse, sigmoid

responsible for draining venous blood out of the brain

Human Anatomy (29 decks)

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