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A&P Bio 245 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q
A

Articular Cartilage

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2
Q
A

Spongy Bone

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3
Q
A

Epiphyseal line/ plate

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4
Q
A

Compact Bone

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5
Q
A

Medullary Cavity

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6
Q
A

Endosteum

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7
Q
A

Periosteum

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8
Q
A

Distal Epiphysis

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9
Q
A

Metaphysis

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10
Q
A

Diaphysis

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11
Q
A

Proximal Epiphysis

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12
Q

6 Functions of the skeletal system

A

Support

Protection

Assist in Movement

Mineral Homeostasis

Hemopoiesis

Triglyceride (energy) storage

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13
Q

4 Specific Bone Cells

A

Osteogenitor

Osteoblast

Osteoclast

Osteocyte

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14
Q

Osteogenitor

A

The stem cell of bones, division

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15
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Deposit bone cells, decreased blood Ca levels, matrix production

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16
Q

Osteoclast

A

Formed from monocytes (white blood cells) for destroying bone tissue

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17
Q

Osteocyte

A

Found in lacuna, mature bone cell

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18
Q

Microscopic structure- What are the two forms of bone?

A

Compact (dense)

Cacellous (spongy)

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19
Q

6 types of bones

A

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Suture

Sesamoid (bones associated with joints)

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20
Q

What are the 3 parts of a long bone?

A

Epiphysis

Metaphysis

Diaphysis

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21
Q

What is the structure of the Epihpysis in a long bone?

A

Articular cartilage, spongy bone, periosteum

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22
Q

What is the structure of the Metaphysis in a long bone?

A

Epiphyseal plate/ line, periosteum

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23
Q

What is the structure of the Diaphysis in a long bone?

A

Periosteum, Compact bone, Endosteum, Medullary cavity, Yellow marrow

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24
Q

What is the periosteum and where is it found?

A

Dnese layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of joints

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25
Q

What is the endosteum and where is it found?

A

Thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones

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26
Q
A

Flat Bone (Frontalis)

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27
Q
A

Irregular Bone (vetebrae)

28
Q
A

Long bone (Femur)

29
Q
A

Short Bone (Tarsle)

30
Q
A

Suture Bone (Smaller bones located near Occipital, Temporta and Peripheral bones)

31
Q
A

Sesamoid Bone (bones associated with joints)

32
Q

What is another word for Ossification or Bone Formation?

A

Osteogenesis

33
Q

When and where does bone growth or ossification start?

A

Begins in the embryo, 8th-12th weeks of the embryonic development

34
Q

What are the 2 types of ossification?

A

Intramembranous

Endochonral

35
Q

What is another term for Intramembranous Ossification?

A

Dermal Ossification

36
Q

What bones are produced by Intramembranous Ossification?

A

Flat bones of the skull

Some of the facial bones

Mandible

Central part of the clavicle

37
Q

When does Intramembranous Ossification start?

A

Begins when Mesenchyme (embryonic tissue) becomes thickened with capillaries, this process begins around the 6th week of the embryonic period

38
Q

List the 4 steps of Intramembranous Ossification

A

1) Formation of Ossification Center (formed by osteoblasts)
2) Calcification (hardens)
3) Formation of Trabeculae (trabeculae= woven and messy bone)
4) Development of the periosteum (connective sheath)

39
Q

Which step of Intramembranous Ossification is this?

A

Step 2

40
Q

Which step of Intramembranous Ossification is this?

A

Step 1

41
Q

Which step of Intramembranous Ossification is this?

A

Step 4

42
Q

Which step of Intramembranous Ossification is this?

A

Step 3

43
Q

When does Endochonral Ossification start?

A

Begins with a hyaline cartilage model, this process begins around the 8th to 12th week of embryonic development

44
Q

Which bones are produced by Endochonral Ossification?

A

Upper and Lower Limbs

Pelvis

Vertebrae

Ends of the clavicle

45
Q

What are the 6 steps of Endochonral Ossification?

A

1) Development of fetal hyaline cartilage
2) Cartilage calcifies and collar forms around diaphysis
3) 1st Ossification center develops- osteoblasts are in the diaphysis
4) Development of Medullary Cavity
5) 2nd Ossification centers develop- osteoblasts in epiphysis
6) Formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate

46
Q

What is the difference between interstitial growth and appositional growth?

A

Interstitial growth is length

Appositional growth is diameter

47
Q

Calcium Homeostasis

What happens when calcium levels are normal?

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts have the same activity level

48
Q

Calcium Homeostasis

What happens when calcium levels are low?

A

You want Ca+ out of bone and into blood

Parathyroid

use osetoclasts to break down the bone matrix so that the Ca+ in blood

49
Q

Calcium Homeostasis

What happens when calcium levels are high?

A

you want Ca+ out of blood and into bone

Calcitonin released from parathyroid

osteoblasts build bone to get calcium into the bone

50
Q

How does Parathyroid regulate Ca levels?

A

Parathyroid hormone causes increased osteoclasts

in response to when Ca levels are low

51
Q

How does Calcitonin regulate Ca levels?

A

Calcitonin causes increased osteoblasts activity which is in response to high Ca levels

52
Q

How does Sex Hormones regulate Ca levels?

A

Activity of osteoblasts/ osteoclasts balanced

Estrogen and Testosterone

53
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Demineralization and loss of bone tissue

54
Q

Osteopenia

A

Insufficient ossification- sets you on the road to osteoporosis

55
Q

Bone Spurs

A

Overgrowth of bone, usually associated with joint damage

56
Q

Rickets

A

Bending bones, lack of gone tissue, failure of bone to form

57
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Adult version of Rickets, bone is broken down and cartilage replaces it

58
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

Deformed bone with irregular thinckness or thinness, painful

59
Q

Osteomylitis

A

Infection (bone tissue and marrow may be affected)

60
Q

Fracture Repair Steps

A

1) Formation of fracture hematoma (bruise) (6-8 hours)
2) Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

Fibroblasts: produce collagen

Chondroblasts: produce cartilage

3) Bony Callus Formation
4) Remodeling- compact bone produced

61
Q

What step of fracture repair is this?

A

step 1

62
Q

What step of fracture repair is this?

A

Step 3

63
Q

What step of fracture repair is this?

A

Step 3

64
Q

What step of fracture repair is this?

A

Step 4

65
Q
A

A&P Bio 245 (15 decks)

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