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A&P Bio 245 > Exam 3: The Special Senses > Flashcards

Exam 3: The Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

General Senses

A
  • Include:
    • Somatic sensations (tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive)
    • visceral sensations
  • Scattered throughout the body
  • simple structures
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2
Q

Special Senses

A
  • Include
    • smell
    • taste
    • vision
    • hearing
    • equilibrium
  • concentrated in specific locations in head
  • anatomically distinct structures
  • complex neural pathway
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3
Q

How many receptors does Olfactory epithelium contain?

A

10-100 million receptors

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4
Q

Olfactory epithelium is made up of 3 types of cells:

A
  • Olfactory receptor cells
  • Supporting Cells
  • Basal Cells
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5
Q

Olfactory Receptor Cells

A
  • a bipolar neuron with cilia called olfactory hairs
  • respond to chemical stimulation of an odorant molecule
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6
Q

Supporting Cells

A

Provide support and nourishment

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7
Q

Basal Cells

A

Replace olfactory receptors

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8
Q

How many different odors can be detected by Olfaction?

A

10,000

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9
Q

What are the 11 steps of Olfaction?

A
  1. Odorant molecule binds to the receptor of an olfactory hair
  2. Receptor linked to G protein; Odorant binding causes G-protein activation
  3. G-Protein activates adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP
  5. cAMP causes the opening of ligand gated Na+ channels
  6. Open Na+ channels allow the inflow of Na+
  7. Inflow of Na+ causes generator potential
  8. Generator potential turns into nerve impulses along olfacroty nerves
  9. nerve impulse travels to the olfactory bulbs
  10. Nerve impulse travels to the olfactory tract
  11. Nerve impulse travels to the primary olfactory area of the cerebral cortex
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10
Q

From the olfactory tract sensory information reaches:

A
  • Cerebral cortex- allowing for consious smell
  • Hypothalamus- controlling visceral reactions
  • Amygdala- odor recognition and emotional association
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11
Q

What is another name for taste?

A

Gustation

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12
Q

The taste bud is made up of three types of epithelial cells:

A
  • Supporting Cells
  • Gustatory Receptor Cells
  • Basal Cells
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13
Q

About per taste bud

A

50 Gustatory cells

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14
Q

Where are taste buds found?

A

Papillae

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15
Q

Three types of papillae with taste buds:

A

Vallate (circumvallate)

Fungiform

Foliate

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16
Q

Which type of taste bud doesnt have taste buds, but only mechanical function?

A

Filliform

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17
Q

What are the 5 basic taste sensations?

A
  • Sweet
  • Salt
  • Sour
  • Bitter
  • Umami
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18
Q

Sweet

A

produced by organic compouds; e.g sugar or artificial sweeteners

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19
Q

Salt

A

produced by metal ions; e.g Na+ and K+

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20
Q

Sour

A

Associated with acids: e.g vinegar

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21
Q

Bitter

A

Produced by alkaloids; e.g unsweetened chocolate

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22
Q

Umami

A

taste related to amino acids to produce meaty flavor

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23
Q

What are the factors that affect taste?

A

Texture

Temperature

Adaptation

Olfaction

Thresholds

24
Q

Gustatory Pathway

A
  • Tastant binding to specific cell membrane proteins
  • G proteins activated by sweet, bitter, and umami stimuli
  • works through second messenger
  • results in depolarization by salt and sour stimuli
  • initiates action potentials and neurotransmitter release
25
Q

What is the relay center for all your sensations?

A

Thalamus

26
Q

Neural Pathways for taste

A

cranial nerves ⇒ Medulla ⇒ Thalamus →parietal lobe

→Hippocampus (emotion/memory vomiting)

→ Hypothalamus (salvation, gagging)

27
Q

What are the three layers of the eye?

A

– Fibrous tunic- outer layer
• Sclera “white” of the eye

• Cornea-transparent coat

– Vascular tunic or uvea- middle layer
• Choroid
• Ciliary body consists of ciliary processes and ciliary muscle
• Iris

– Retina(sensory) - inner layer
• Optic disc
• Macula lutea- fovea centralis

28
Q

What does the lens divide the eyeball into?

A

Anterior cavity- filled with aqueous humor

Posterior cavity- filled with vitreous body

29
Q

What does the outer segment of a rod and cone contain?

A

photopigments

transduction of light energy into receptor potential

30
Q

What does the inner segment of a rod/ cone contain?

A

nucleus, golgi complex, mitochondira

31
Q

What are the two parts to a pigment?

A

opsin (four types: 3 in cones and 1 in rod)

retinal (light absorbing part)

32
Q

Rod photopigment

A

rhodopsin

33
Q

cone photopigments

A

red, blue, green

34
Q

what happens with absorption of light to a photopigment?

A

structural changes in retinal

35
Q

Photobleaching steps

A

Isomerization

Bleaching

Regeneration

36
Q

Isomerization

A

In darkenss: retinal has a bent shape called cis retinal

Absorption of a photon causes straigtening of the retinal into trans retinal

37
Q

Bleaching

A

trans-retinal separates from opsin

38
Q

Regeneration

A

trans-retinal turns back into cis retinal

39
Q

What are the steps of vision in the dark?

A
  1. ) In the outer segment of the rod (on disks), Cis-retinal is bound to opsin: With cis-retinal bound, opsin cannot block the production of cGMP. A whole bunch of cGMP is made
  2. ) Binding of cGMP(ligand) on sodium channels opens the channels allowing sodium to flow in
  3. )This causes a graded potential to travel down the rod.
  4. )Graded potential at the axon terminal bulbs causes release of the neurotransmitter glutimate
  5. ) Glutimate is an INHIBITORY neurotransmitter. It’s effect on the bipolar cell is hyperpolarization: it opens ligand gated chloride ion channels.
  6. )Chloride ions (negative charge) flow into the bipolar cell making it even more negative than resting membrane potential. This stops the bipolar cell from depolarizing and sending an action potential
  7. ) No action potential stimulated on ganglion cells
40
Q

What happens in the light?

A
  1. )A photon of light is absorbed by cis-retinal. It changes from cis-retinal to trans-retinal.
  2. )Trans-retinal separates from opsin (photobleaching) Opsin then interacts with molecules inside of the outer segment and shuts off the production of cGMP.
  3. )Without cGMP (the ligand for the ligand gated sodium
    channels) , the sodium channels remain closed. This stops the inflow of sodium and the rod does not generate a graded potential.

4.)Without a graded potential, the inhibitory neurotransmitter glutimate is not released from the rod. Without glutimate binding to the bipolar cell, the bipolar cell depolarizes and generates an action potential.

5.) Excitatory neurotransmitters are released by the bipolar
cell. The excitatory neurotransmitters cause the ganglion cells
to depolarize and an action potential is sent along the optic nerve toward the brain.

41
Q

What are the three main regions of the ear?

A

External

Middle

Internal

42
Q

External Ear

A
  • auricle or pinna
  • external auditory canal
  • tympanic membrane
  • Ceruminous glands
43
Q

Middle Ear

A
  • auditory ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes
  • auditory (eustachian) tube
44
Q

Internal Ear

A

• Labyrinth: bony and membranous
– Bony labyrinth- perilymph

– membranous labyrinth- endolymph

– Oval window and round window- membranous regions.

45
Q

What are the three parts that compose the inner ear

A

Semicircular canals

vestibule

cochlea

46
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

stem/root of the semicircular canals

47
Q

what two sacs does the vestibule consist of?

A

utricle and saccule

48
Q

What is our audible sound range?

A

20-20,000 Hz

49
Q

What is the pathway for hearing?

A
  • Sound waves→
  • Auricle/Pinna→
  • external auditory canal→
  • tympanic membrane→
  • malleus→ incus→ stapes→ oval window→
  • perilymph of the scala vestibuli→
  • vestibular membrane→
  • endolymph in the cochlear duct→
  • basilar membrane →
  • hair cells against tectorial membrane →
  • bending of hair cell stereocilia→
  • receptor potential→
  • nerve impulse
  • Sound wave → scala tympani→ round window
50
Q

What are the two tyoes of equilibrium?

A

Static

Dynamic

51
Q

Static Equilibruim

A

Maintenance of the body position relative to the force of gravity

52
Q

Dynamic Equilibruim

A

Maintenance of body position (mainly head) in response to rotational acceleration and deceleration

53
Q

What are the receptors for equilibruim? what are they collectively called?

A

hair cells in the utricle, saccule and semicircular canals and are collectively called vestibular apparatus

54
Q

What are the three channels of the cochlea?

A

Cochlear duct

scala vestibuli

scala tympani

55
Q

What composes the cochlea?

A

The three channels

Helicotrema

Vestibular membrane

Basilar membrane

Spiral organ of corti: hair cells

56
Q
A

A&P Bio 245 (15 decks)

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