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A&P Bio 245 > Exam 4: Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Exam 4: Lymphatic System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tonsils

A

–Secondary lymphatic structures found in pharynx

–Not completely surrounded by capsule

–Help protect against foreign substances inhaled or ingested

–Have invaginated outer edges, tonsillar crypts

–Contain lymphatic nodules

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2
Q

What are tonsillar crypts?

A

Increase surface area to trap material

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3
Q

What do some lymphatic nodules contain?

A

Germinal Centers

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4
Q

What are the three types of tonsils?

A

Pharyngeal Tonsil

Palatine Tonsil

Lingual Tonsil

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5
Q

Pharyngeal Tonsil

A
  • in posterior wall of nasopharynx
  • when enlarged, termed adenoids
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6
Q

Palatine Tonsil

A

•in posterolateral oral cavity

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7
Q

Lingual Tonsil

A

•along posterior one-third of tongue

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8
Q
A

Phayngeal Tonsils

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9
Q
A

Palatine Tonsils

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10
Q
A

Lingual Tonsils

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11
Q

MALT

A

–Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

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12
Q

Where is MALT located?

A

–in gastrointestinal, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts

•found in lamina propria of the mucosa

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13
Q

What does MALT do?

A

–Help defend against foreign substances

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14
Q

Where is MALT prominent?

A

–small intestines, especially ileum

•Peyer patches, found here

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15
Q

What is the general structure of the lymphatic system?

A

•Consists of red bone marrow, thymus, lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, MALT

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16
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Drain excess interstitial fluid
  2. Transport dietary lipids
  3. Carries out our immune responses
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17
Q

Flow of lymph: More fluid out of the blood capillaries than returns to them by

A

–More fluid filters out of blood capillaries than returns to them by reabsorption

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18
Q

How much excess fluid drains into lymphatic vessels and become lymph?

A

About 3L a day

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19
Q

What is an important function of the lymphatic vessesls?

A

to return lost plasma proteins to blood stream

20
Q

What are the 2 pumps that aid in flow of lymph (also in venous return)

A
  • Skeletal muscle pump – milking action
  • Respiratory pump – pressure changes during breathing
21
Q

Lymphatic vessels contain

A

valves

22
Q

Lymph organs and tissues: 2 Groups based on function

A

Primary Lymphatic Organs

Secondary Lymphatic Organs

23
Q

Primary Lymphatic Organs

A
  • Sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent
  • Red bone marrow and thymus
24
Q

Scondary Lymphatic Organs

A
  • Sites where most immune response occurs
  • Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, MALT
25
Q

Where is red bone marrow located

A

–Located within spaces between trabeculae in sections of spongy bone

  • in flat bones of skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
  • proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
26
Q

What is red bone marrow responsible for?

A

–Responsible for hemopoiesis

•produces erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes, and agranulocytes

27
Q

T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes

A
  • two major types of lymphocytes
  • T-lymphocytes migrating to thymus to complete maturation
28
Q

Thymus Anatomy: Outer Cortex

A

–composed of large number of T cells

  • Immature T cells migrate here from red bone marrow where they proliferate and begin to mature
  • Dendritic cells derived from monocytes assist in T cell maturation
  • Specialized epithelial cells help educate T cells through positive selection – only about 25% survive
  • Macrophages clear out dead and dying cells
29
Q

Thymus Anatomy: Medulla

A

•More mature T cells migrate here from cortex

More epithelial cells, dendritic cells and macrophages

30
Q

Thymus shrinks with age from g in infants to g in old age

A

70g to 3g

31
Q

Secondary Lymphatic Organs: Lymph Nodes

A

–Located along lymphatic vessels

–Scattered throughout body

32
Q

Lymph Node Anatomy

A

Stroma

Parenchyma

33
Q

Lymph node anatomy: stroma

A

•supporting connective tissue

–Capsule (dense irregular connective tissue), trabeculae, reticular fibers and fibroblasts

34
Q

Lymph node anatomy: parenchyma

A

•functional part

–Outer cortex – aggregates of B cells called lymphatic nodules (follicles) – site of plasma cell and memory B cell formation

–Inner cortex – mainly T cells and dendritic cells

–Medulla – B cells, antibody producing plasma cells from cortex, and macrophages

35
Q

Lymph Flow through the lymph nodes

A

–Enters node through afferent lymphatic vessels

–Makes its way through lymph node sinuses

–Lymph continuously monitored for presence of foreign material

–Macrophages

•remove foreign debris from the lymph

–Lymph exiting lymph node through efferent vessel

–May enter nearby lymph node in cluster

36
Q

Lymph Flow through lymph nodes: If lymphocyte contacts foreign substance

A
  • immune response generated
  • lymphocytes undergoing cell division

–especially in germinal centers

  • some remaining in lymph node
  • others transported in lymph and blood

–reach areas of infection

37
Q

Lymph Flow Through Lymph Nodes: Swollen lymph nodes

A
  • become tender with infection
  • sign that lymphocytes proliferating and fighting infection
  • can palpate swollen superficial lymph nodes
38
Q

Secondary Lymphatic Organs: Spleen

A

–Largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body

–Stroma

–Parenchyma

39
Q

Spleen Stroma

A

–capsule, trabeculae, reticular fibers, and fibroblasts

40
Q

spleen: parenchyma

A

made of white pulp and red pulp

41
Q

White Pulp

A

•– lymphatic tissue

–(lymphocytes and macrophages)

–B cells and T cells carry out immune function

–Contains a central artery

42
Q

Red Pulp

A

contains erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages, and B-cells

43
Q

Red Pulp: Macrophages

A

remove ruptured, worn out or defective blood cells

44
Q

Red Pulp: Cells housed in reticular connective tissue…

A

Form Splenic Cords

45
Q

Red Pulp: Splenic Sinusoids

A

–permeable capillaries, so blood cells easily exit

–drain to small venules leading to splenic vein

46
Q

Red Pulp: In charge of production of blood cells during

A

fetal life

47
Q
A

A&P Bio 245 (15 decks)

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