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A&P Bio 245 > Exam 4: Immunity > Flashcards

Exam 4: Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

Innate Immunity

A
  • First immune response
  • Physical and chemical barriers, some cells, antimicrobial substances, inflammation and fever.
  • Things always present in our bodies- ready to respond right away
  • Recognizes general things- i.e. Bacterial cell walls, dsRNA

Non Specific: doesnt have the ability to adapt to responses

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2
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A
  • Ability to protect against specific invading pathogens
  • Due to specificity, takes longer to join the battle
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3
Q

What are the two adaptive immune responses?

A

Type I: Cell Mediated immunity

Type II: Humoral or antibody immunity

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4
Q

Structures of Innate Immunity

A

–Prevent entry of potentially harmful substances

–Respond nonspecifically to wide range of harmful substances

–First line of defense

–Second line of defense

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5
Q

What does the first line of defense structure of innate immunity consist of?

A

•skin and mucosal membrane

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6
Q

What does the second line of defense structure of innate immunity consist of?

A
  • internal processes of innate immunity
  • activities of neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells
  • chemicals such as interferon and complement
  • physiological processes such as inflammation and fever
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7
Q

Innate Imunity: Physical Barrier of Skin

A

–Formed by epidermis and dermis

–Few microbes able to penetrate

–Releases antimicrobial substances

–Has normal flora

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8
Q

Innate Imunity: Physical Barrier of Skin

What antimicrobial substances are released?

A

•immunoglobulin A (IgA), lysozyme, sebum, defensins

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9
Q

Innate Imunity: Physical Barrier of Skin

What does it mean to have normal flora?

A
  • nonpathogenic microorganisms residing here
  • help prevent growth of pathogenic microorganisms
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10
Q

Innate Immunity: Mucosal Membrane Barrier

A

–Membranes lining openings of the body

–Produce mucin

•when hydrated, forms mucus

–Lined by harmless bacteria

•suppress growth of more virulent types

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11
Q

Innate Immunity: Neutrophils

A

Cell of innate immunity

  • most prevalent leukocyte in blood
  • first to arrive during inflammatory response
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12
Q

Innate Immunity: Macrophages

A

Cell of innate immunity

  • reside in tissues throughout the body
  • arrive later and stay longer than neutrophils
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13
Q

Innate immunity: Basophils and Mast Cells

A

–Proinflammatory chemical-secreting cells

–Basophils circulating in the blood

–Mast cells residing in connective tissue, mucosa, internal organs

–Release substances

•increase fluid movement from blood to injured tissue

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14
Q

Chemotactic

A

•attracting immune cells as part of inflammatory response

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15
Q

Innate Immunity: Natural Killer Cells

A

–Destroy wide variety of unwanted cells

–Formed in bone marrow and circulate in blood

–Accumulate in secondary lymphatic structures

–Patrol the body detecting unhealthy cells

–Destroy unhealthy cells by releasing cytotoxic chemicals

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16
Q

What are some of the unwanted cells that NK cells destroy?

A

virus

bacteria-infected cells

tumor cells

cells of transplanted tissue

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17
Q

What are NK cells termed due to their patroling in the body?

A

termed immune surveillance

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18
Q

Innate Immunity: Interferons

A

–Class of cytokines released from leukocytes, fibroblasts

–Non-specific defense mechanism against viral spread

–Released from virus-infected cell

–Attach to neighboring cells and shut down host cell protein synthesis

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19
Q

Innate Immunity: Complement System

A

–Composed at least 30 plasma proteins

–Work along with antibodies

–Synthesized by liver

  • continuously released in inactive form
  • activated in blood by enzyme cascade
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20
Q

What are the stages of inflammation?

A
  • Release of chemicals at site of infection
  • Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
  • Leukocyte rolling (margination), Chemotaxis, and Diapedesis
  • Recruitment of immune cells and delivery of plasma proteins
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21
Q

What are the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation?

A

Redness

heat

swelling

pain

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22
Q

What is inflammation

A

–Nonspecific, defensive response of body to tissue damage

–Attempt to dispose of microbes, prevent spread, and prepare site for tissue repair

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23
Q

What are the benefits of fever?

A

–Inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses

–Promotes interferon activity

–Increases activity of adaptive immunity

–Accelerates tissue repair

–Increases leukocyte rolling and diapedesis

24
Q

What is recomended of a low fever?

A

to leave it untreated

25
Q

What are the risks of fever?

A

–Seizure

–Brain damage- >106

–Death- >109

26
Q

What is adaptive Immunity?

A

Ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents

27
Q

How does adaptive immunity work?

A

–Foreign Antigen (Ag) – substances recognized as “non-self” and provoke an immune response

28
Q

Adaptive immunty is distinguished from innate immunty by:

A

–Specificity

–Memory

29
Q

What are the 2 types of Adaptive Immunity?

A

–Cell-mediated

–Antibody-mediated

30
Q

Cell-mediated Adaptive Immunity

A

•Cytotoxic T cells directly attack infected cells

–Particularly effective against intracellular pathogens, some cancer cells and foreign tissue transplants

31
Q

Antibody-mediated Adaptive Immunity

A

•B cells transform into plasma cells making soluble antibodies (Abs) or immunoglobulins

–Works against extracellular pathogens in extracellular fluid

32
Q

What helps in both Cell- Mediated and Antibody-Mediated Adaptive Immunity?

A

Helper T-Cells

33
Q

Do the 2 types of Adaptive Immnunity work together true or false? what is their tendancy?

A

true

tendency to mount mostly one or the other

34
Q

Epitopes

A

What tells us what kind of antigen we’re dealing with : antigen determinant

35
Q

Antigen Receptors: functions

A

–Human immune system able to recognize and bind to at least a billion different epitopes (antigenic determinants)

–Result of genetic recombination – shuffling and rearranging of a few hundred versions of several small gene segments

36
Q

Antigen Receptors: B-Cell Receptors

A

membrane bound antibody on B cell surface

37
Q

Antigen Receptors: T-Cell Receptors

A

•membrane bound receptor on T cell

–Co-receptors help ID specific type of T cell: CD4, CD8

38
Q

Can T-Cells bind directly to antigens?

A

No

39
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex: T-Cell Binding

A

–MHC or HLA

–Normal function to help T cells recognize foreign or self

–Class I MHC (MHC-I) – built into all body cells except RBCs

–Class II MHC (MHC-II) – only on professional antigen presenting cells (PAPC)

•B cells, Macrophages, Dendritic cells

40
Q

What are the two different ways antigens can be presented to T-Cells

A

Exogenous

Endogenous

41
Q

Esogenous Antigens: Presented to T-Cells

A

•present in extracellular fluid

–Only Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells (PAPCs) (dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells) can respond

•Ingest antigen, digest, place pieces of antigen onto MHC-II molecule, place in plasma membrane, and present to Helper T cells

42
Q

Endogenous Antigens: Presented to T-Cells

A

•antigens inside body cells

–Any nucleated cell in the body can respond

•Infected cell displays pieces of antigen on MHC-I in plasma membrane, present to Cytotoxic T cells

43
Q

Adaptive Immunity: Cell Mediated Immunity

Activation of T-Cells: First Signal in Activation

A

–T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize and bind to a specific foreign antigen fragments that are presented in antigen-MHC complexes

–CD4 and CD8 proteins on T-cells are coreceptors

»CD4 = Helper T cells - Respond to cells presenting Ag on MHC II

»CD8 = Cytotoxic T-cells - Respond to cells presenting Ag on MHC I

44
Q

Adaptive Immunity: Cell Mediated Immunity

Activation of T-Cells: Second Signal in Activation

A

–Costimulation – cytokines or pairs receptors on T-cell and APC

–May prevent immune response from occurring accidentally

–Anergy – recognition without costimulation (in both B and T cells) leads to prolonged state of inactivity

45
Q

Activation of Helper T Cells

A

–T-Cells that display CD4 develop into helper T cells

–Recognize exogenous antigen fragments displayed on MHC-II molecules on the surface of an PAPC

–Makes active helper T cells and memory helper T cells

–Memory helper T cells are not active cells – can quickly proliferate and differentiate if the antigen appears again

46
Q

Activation of Helper T Cells:

When does the Helper T-Cell recognize Exogenous antigen fragments displayed on MHC-II molecules on the surface of an PAPC?

A

•After activation undergoes clonal expansion (cell division)

47
Q

Activation of Helper T Cells:

What do Active helper T- cells secrete?

A

secrete variety of cytokines

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) needed for virtually all immune responses

48
Q

Activation of Cytotoxic T-Cells

A

–T-Cells that display CD8 develop into cytotoxic T cells

–Recognize antigens displayed on MHC-I

•Maximal activation also requires presentation of antigen with MHC-II to cause helper T cells to produce IL-2

–Undergoes clonal selection

–Active cytotoxic T-cells attack infected body cells

–Memory cytotoxic T-cells do not attack but wait for a antigen to appear again

49
Q

Adaptive Immunity: Antibody Mediated

A

Activation and clonal selection of B cells

50
Q

Adaptive Immunity: Antibody Mediated

What happens during activation?

A

–antigen binds to B cell receptor (BCRs)

•Can respond to unprocessed antigen (T-independent)

51
Q

Adaptive Immunity: Antibody Mediated

When is the response much more intense and what does this look like?

A

–when B cell processes antigen

•Antigen taken into B cell, combined with MHC-II, moved to plasma membrane, helper T cell binds and delivers costimulation

–B cell undergoes clonal selection

  • Some mature into a Plasma cells- secrete antibodies
  • Some become Memory B cells- do not secrete antibodies but wait for reappearance of antigen
52
Q

Immunization

A

•deliberate exposure to antigen or antibody

53
Q

Active natural immunity

A

•natural exposure to an antigen

54
Q

Active artificial immunity

A

•vaccination. Deliberate exposure to an antigen (vaccine)

55
Q

Passive natural immunity

A

•transfer of antibodies from a mother to her fetus or baby

56
Q

Passive artificial immunity

A

•transfer of antibodies (or cells) from an immune animal to a non-immune one

57
Q

Passive Artifical Immunity:

–Antiserum

A

•Available for rabies, hepatitis, measles; toxins formed by bacteria such as tetanus, diphtheria, botulism; venoms from poisonous snakes

A&P Bio 245 (15 decks)

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