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A&P Bio 245 > Exam 3: Blood > Flashcards

Exam 3: Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Transportation

  • Gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products

Regulation

  • pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure, fluid balance

Protection

  • Clotting, white blood cells, proteins
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2
Q

What is blood

A

Connective tissue

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3
Q

Which percentage of blood is made up of plasma?

A

55%

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4
Q

Which percentage of blood is made up of the buffy coat?

A

1%

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5
Q

Which percentage of blood is made up of Erythrocytes?

A

44%

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6
Q

What are the formed elements in the blood?

A

Red blood cells

White Blood cells

Platelets

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7
Q

The regulation of Red blood cells and platelets in circulation is

A

controlled by a negative feedback system

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8
Q

Increase of specific types of white blood cells is

A

based on response to invading pathogens or foreign antigens

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9
Q

Hemopiesis or Hematopoiesis

A

– The continual production of formed elements
– Red bone marrow primary site
– Hemocytoblasts

Hematopoietic growth factors regulate differentiation and proliferation

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10
Q

Hemocytoblasts

A

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to develop
into many different types of cells

Specific type of cell that develops is determined by growth factors around the stem cells

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11
Q

Erythrocyte

A

– Small, flexible formed elements

– Commonly referred to as red blood cells – Lack nucleus and cellular organelles

– Have biconcave disc structure

– Plasma membrane with enclosed hemoglobin molecules

– Glycolipids in plasma membrane responsible for ABO and Rh blood groups

– Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissues and lungs
• Erythrocytes

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12
Q

Hemoglobin

A

– Red-pigmented protein

– Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Oxyhemoglobin (bound to oxygen)

  • Deoxyhemoglobin (not bound to oxygen)
  • Carbaminohemoglobin (carbon dioxide bound to amino group)
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13
Q

How many heme groups is hemoglobin composed of?

A

4

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14
Q

How many alpha and beta chains does hemogloibin contain?

A

2 alpha chains

2 beta chains

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15
Q

How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin bind?

Is this a weak or strong bond, what does the bond allow for in the lungs and body tissues?

A

4 oxygen molecules

fairly weak bond

allows for rapid attachment in lungs and rapid detatchment in body tissues

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16
Q

Carbon dioxide binding to hemoglobin

A

binding is fairly weak

trasport molecule from body tissues to lungs

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17
Q

Type A

A

erythrocytes with surface antigen A

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18
Q

Type B

A

erythrocytes with surface antigen B

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19
Q

Type AB

A

erythrocytes with both antigens

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20
Q

Type O

A

erythrocytes with neither antigen

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21
Q

Agglutination

A

Person gets a type of blood that contains antibodies for their blood, this leads to clumps of red blood cells, this can block vessels and prevent normal circulation

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22
Q

Hemolysis

A

rupture of erythrocytes, organ damage

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23
Q
A

Aggulation

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24
Q
A

No Aggulation

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25
Q

When Rh is present:

A

Termed Rh +

26
Q

When Rh is absent:

A

Termed Rh negative

27
Q

What is the drug used to treat hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

Rogam

28
Q

Leukocyte Characteristics

A

– Help defend body against pathogens

– Contain nucleus and cellular organelles

– Do not contain hemoglobin

– Motile and flexible

– Most found within body tissues

– Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes

29
Q

Granulocyte

A

with visible granules seen with light microscope

• neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

30
Q

Agranulocytes

A

with smaller granules not visible with light
microscope

lymphocytes, monocytes

31
Q

Diapedesis

A

Squeezing through endothelial cells of blood vessels

32
Q

Chemmotaxis

A

Attraction of leukocytes to infection site

molecules released from damaged cells or pathogens

33
Q

Neutrophils

A

– Most numerous leukocyte in
blood

– Multilobed nucleus
– Cytoplasm with pale granules
when stained

– Enter tissue spaces
• also called polymorphonuclear
leukocytes
• phagocytize infectious
pathogens
– Number rising dramatically in
chronic bacterial infection

34
Q

Eosinophils

A

– 1-4 percent of leukocytes

– Bilobed nucleus connected by
thin strand

– Cytoplasm with reddish
granules

– Phagocytize antigen-antibody
complexes or allergens

– Active in cases of parasitic
worm infection

35
Q

Basophils

A

– 0.5-1 percent of leukocytes

– Bilobed nucleus

– Cytoplasm with blue-violet
granules

– Contain histamine and heparin

36
Q

Lymphocyte

A

– Reside in lymphatic organs and
structures

– 20-40 percent of blood
leukocytes

– Dark-staining rounded nucleus

– Three categories
• T-lymphocytes
• B-lymphocytes
• NK cells

37
Q

Lymphocyte: T-Lymphocyte

A

managing immune responses

38
Q

Lymphocyte: B-Lymphocyte

A

becoming plasma cells and producing antibodies

39
Q

Lymphocyte: NK cells

A

attacking abnormal and infected tissue cells

40
Q
A

Eosinophil

41
Q
A

Basophil

42
Q
A

Neutrophil

43
Q
A

Lymphocyte

44
Q
A

Monocyte

45
Q

Hemopoiesis: Myloid line forms what?

A

Erythryocytes

All Leukocytes except for lymphocytes

Megakaryocytes

46
Q

Hemopoiesis: lymphoid line forms what?

A

Lymphocytes

47
Q

Formed Elements in the blood: growth factors

Colony- Stimulating Factors

A

– Growth factors (except erythropoietin)

– Multi-colony-stimulating factor (multi-CSF)
• increases formation of erythrocytes, all granulocytes

• increases formation of all monocytes, platelets

– Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
• accelerates formation of all granulocytes and monocytes
– Granulocytes colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

• stimulates formation of granulocytes

– Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)

• stimulates production of monocytes
– Thrombopoietin
• stimulates production of platelets
– Erythropoietin (EPO)
• hormone produced primarily by kidneys

• increases rate of production and maturation of erythrocytes

48
Q

Formed Elements in the blood: growth factors

Interleukins

A

Stimulate differentiation of lymphocytes

49
Q

Red Blood Cell Life Cycle:

A

– Live only about 120 days

– Cannot synthesize new components because they lack a
nucleus

– Ruptured red blood cells removed from circulation and
destroyed by fixed phagocytic macrophages in spleen and
liver

-Breakdown products recycled
• Globin’s amino acids reused • Iron reused • Non-iron heme ends as yellow pigment urobilin in urine or brown
pigment stercobilin in feces

50
Q

Leukopenia

A

reduced number of leukocytes

increases risk of developing
infection

51
Q

Leukocytosis

A

slightly elevated leukocyte count

may be caused by recent infection
or stress

52
Q

Neutrophilia

A

• increase in neutrophils

• associated with bacterial infections,
stress, tissue necrosis

• some immature neutrophils entering
count (as body makes more)

• termed left-shifted differential

53
Q

Neutropenia

A

• decreased neutrophil count

• may occur with anemia, drug or
radiation

54
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

increased number of lymphocytes
– viral infections, chronic bacterial
infections

– some leukemias, cancer of plasma
cells (multiple myeloma)

55
Q

Lymphocytopenia

A

decreased lymphocyte count

• HIV, other leukemias, pathogenic
organism in blood (sepsis)

56
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count

57
Q

Hemostasis

A

Sequence of responses that stops bleeding

• 3 mechanisms reduce blood loss after injury to
blood vessels

58
Q

Hemostasis Steps

A
  1. Vascular spasm
    – Smooth muscle in artery or arteriole walls contracts
  2. Platelet plug formation
    – Platelets stick to parts of damaged blood vessel,
    become activated and accumulate large numbers
  3. Blood clotting (coagulation)
59
Q

Blood Coagulation

A
  1. Extrinsic or intrinsic pathways
    lead to formation of
    prothrombinase
  2. Prothrombinase converts
    prothrombin into thrombin
  3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen
    (soluble) into fibrin (insoluble)
    forming the threads of the clot
60
Q

Thrombocytes

A
  • Myeloid stem cells develop eventually into a megakaryocyte
  • Splinters into 2000-3000 fragments
  • Each fragment enclosed in a piece of plasma membrane
  • Disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus
  • Help stop blood loss by forming platelet plug
  • Granules contain blood clot promoting chemicals
  • Short life span – 5-9 days
61
Q

Monocyte

A

–C-shaped nucleus

–2-8 percent of blood leukocytes

–Take up residence in tissues

  • transform into large phagocytic cells, macrophages
  • phagocytize bacteria, viruses, debris
62
Q

Monocyte

A

–C-shaped nucleus

–2-8 percent of blood leukocytes

–Take up residence in tissues

  • transform into large phagocytic cells, macrophages
  • phagocytize bacteria, viruses, debris

A&P Bio 245 (15 decks)

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