Exam 3: Blood Flashcards
What are the functions of blood?
Transportation
- Gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products
Regulation
- pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure, fluid balance
Protection
- Clotting, white blood cells, proteins
What is blood
Connective tissue
Which percentage of blood is made up of plasma?
55%
Which percentage of blood is made up of the buffy coat?
1%
Which percentage of blood is made up of Erythrocytes?
44%
What are the formed elements in the blood?
Red blood cells
White Blood cells
Platelets
The regulation of Red blood cells and platelets in circulation is
controlled by a negative feedback system
Increase of specific types of white blood cells is
based on response to invading pathogens or foreign antigens
Hemopiesis or Hematopoiesis
– The continual production of formed elements
– Red bone marrow primary site
– Hemocytoblasts
Hematopoietic growth factors regulate differentiation and proliferation
Hemocytoblasts
Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to develop
into many different types of cells
Specific type of cell that develops is determined by growth factors around the stem cells
Erythrocyte
– Small, flexible formed elements
– Commonly referred to as red blood cells – Lack nucleus and cellular organelles
– Have biconcave disc structure
– Plasma membrane with enclosed hemoglobin molecules
– Glycolipids in plasma membrane responsible for ABO and Rh blood groups
– Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissues and lungs
• Erythrocytes
Hemoglobin
– Red-pigmented protein
– Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Oxyhemoglobin (bound to oxygen)
- Deoxyhemoglobin (not bound to oxygen)
- Carbaminohemoglobin (carbon dioxide bound to amino group)
How many heme groups is hemoglobin composed of?
4
How many alpha and beta chains does hemogloibin contain?
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains
How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin bind?
Is this a weak or strong bond, what does the bond allow for in the lungs and body tissues?
4 oxygen molecules
fairly weak bond
allows for rapid attachment in lungs and rapid detatchment in body tissues
Carbon dioxide binding to hemoglobin
binding is fairly weak
trasport molecule from body tissues to lungs
Type A
erythrocytes with surface antigen A
Type B
erythrocytes with surface antigen B
Type AB
erythrocytes with both antigens
Type O
erythrocytes with neither antigen
Agglutination
Person gets a type of blood that contains antibodies for their blood, this leads to clumps of red blood cells, this can block vessels and prevent normal circulation
Hemolysis
rupture of erythrocytes, organ damage
Aggulation
No Aggulation
When Rh is present:
Termed Rh +
When Rh is absent:
Termed Rh negative
What is the drug used to treat hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Rogam
Leukocyte Characteristics
– Help defend body against pathogens
– Contain nucleus and cellular organelles
– Do not contain hemoglobin
– Motile and flexible
– Most found within body tissues
– Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes
Granulocyte
with visible granules seen with light microscope
• neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranulocytes
with smaller granules not visible with light
microscope
lymphocytes, monocytes
Diapedesis
Squeezing through endothelial cells of blood vessels
Chemmotaxis
Attraction of leukocytes to infection site
molecules released from damaged cells or pathogens
Neutrophils
– Most numerous leukocyte in
blood
– Multilobed nucleus
– Cytoplasm with pale granules
when stained
– Enter tissue spaces
• also called polymorphonuclear
leukocytes
• phagocytize infectious
pathogens
– Number rising dramatically in
chronic bacterial infection
Eosinophils
– 1-4 percent of leukocytes
– Bilobed nucleus connected by
thin strand
– Cytoplasm with reddish
granules
– Phagocytize antigen-antibody
complexes or allergens
– Active in cases of parasitic
worm infection
Basophils
– 0.5-1 percent of leukocytes
– Bilobed nucleus
– Cytoplasm with blue-violet
granules
– Contain histamine and heparin
Lymphocyte
– Reside in lymphatic organs and
structures
– 20-40 percent of blood
leukocytes
– Dark-staining rounded nucleus
– Three categories
• T-lymphocytes
• B-lymphocytes
• NK cells
Lymphocyte: T-Lymphocyte
managing immune responses
Lymphocyte: B-Lymphocyte
becoming plasma cells and producing antibodies
Lymphocyte: NK cells
attacking abnormal and infected tissue cells
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Hemopoiesis: Myloid line forms what?
Erythryocytes
All Leukocytes except for lymphocytes
Megakaryocytes
Hemopoiesis: lymphoid line forms what?
Lymphocytes
Formed Elements in the blood: growth factors
Colony- Stimulating Factors
– Growth factors (except erythropoietin)
– Multi-colony-stimulating factor (multi-CSF)
• increases formation of erythrocytes, all granulocytes
• increases formation of all monocytes, platelets
– Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
• accelerates formation of all granulocytes and monocytes
– Granulocytes colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
• stimulates formation of granulocytes
– Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)
• stimulates production of monocytes
– Thrombopoietin
• stimulates production of platelets
– Erythropoietin (EPO)
• hormone produced primarily by kidneys
• increases rate of production and maturation of erythrocytes
Formed Elements in the blood: growth factors
Interleukins
Stimulate differentiation of lymphocytes
Red Blood Cell Life Cycle:
– Live only about 120 days
– Cannot synthesize new components because they lack a
nucleus
– Ruptured red blood cells removed from circulation and
destroyed by fixed phagocytic macrophages in spleen and
liver
-Breakdown products recycled
• Globin’s amino acids reused • Iron reused • Non-iron heme ends as yellow pigment urobilin in urine or brown
pigment stercobilin in feces
Leukopenia
reduced number of leukocytes
increases risk of developing
infection
Leukocytosis
slightly elevated leukocyte count
may be caused by recent infection
or stress
Neutrophilia
• increase in neutrophils
• associated with bacterial infections,
stress, tissue necrosis
• some immature neutrophils entering
count (as body makes more)
• termed left-shifted differential
Neutropenia
• decreased neutrophil count
• may occur with anemia, drug or
radiation
Lymphocytosis
increased number of lymphocytes
– viral infections, chronic bacterial
infections
– some leukemias, cancer of plasma
cells (multiple myeloma)
Lymphocytopenia
decreased lymphocyte count
• HIV, other leukemias, pathogenic
organism in blood (sepsis)
Thrombocytopenia
Low platelet count
Hemostasis
Sequence of responses that stops bleeding
• 3 mechanisms reduce blood loss after injury to
blood vessels
Hemostasis Steps
- Vascular spasm
– Smooth muscle in artery or arteriole walls contracts - Platelet plug formation
– Platelets stick to parts of damaged blood vessel,
become activated and accumulate large numbers - Blood clotting (coagulation)
Blood Coagulation
- Extrinsic or intrinsic pathways
lead to formation of
prothrombinase - Prothrombinase converts
prothrombin into thrombin - Thrombin converts fibrinogen
(soluble) into fibrin (insoluble)
forming the threads of the clot
Thrombocytes
- Myeloid stem cells develop eventually into a megakaryocyte
- Splinters into 2000-3000 fragments
- Each fragment enclosed in a piece of plasma membrane
- Disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus
- Help stop blood loss by forming platelet plug
- Granules contain blood clot promoting chemicals
- Short life span – 5-9 days
Monocyte
–C-shaped nucleus
–2-8 percent of blood leukocytes
–Take up residence in tissues
- transform into large phagocytic cells, macrophages
- phagocytize bacteria, viruses, debris
Monocyte
–C-shaped nucleus
–2-8 percent of blood leukocytes
–Take up residence in tissues
- transform into large phagocytic cells, macrophages
- phagocytize bacteria, viruses, debris
