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A&P Bio 245 > Exam 3: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Exam 3: The Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A
  • Regulates and controls many metabolic processes
  • Helps maintain body homeostasis
    • e.g., maintaining blood glucose levels during erratic food intake
  • Serves as one of the two major control systems of the body
    • with the nervous system
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2
Q

What is the endocrine system composed of?

A

Endocrine glands located throughout the body

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3
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A
  • synthesize and secrete hormones
  • released into the blood and transported through the body
  • Very active in small amouts
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4
Q

What is a Hormone?

A

Mediator molecule released from one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body

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5
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine?

A

Exocine secretes OUT of the body, endocrine secretes IN the body.

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6
Q

What happens when the Target cell binds it’s hormone?

A

Initiates or inhibits selective activities.

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7
Q

What are target cells?

A

Cells with a specific receptor for a hormone

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8
Q

What are the features of the endocrine system that are different than the nervous system?

A

–Hormones transported within blood to target cells

–Causes metabolic changes in target cells

–Target any cells with receptors

–Exhibit longer reaction times

–More widespread effects throughout the body

–Longer-lasting effects (minutes to days and weeks)

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9
Q

What are the features of the endocrine system that are in common with the nervous system?

A

–Release chemical substances, ligands

–Bind to cellular receptor on particular target cells

–Initiates cellular change in target cells

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10
Q

What are the general functions of the Endocrine System?

A
  1. ) Maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
  2. )Controlling reprodictive activites
  3. ) Regulating development, growth, and metabolism
  4. ) Controlling digestive processes
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11
Q

–Maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume

A
  • regulate amount of substances dissolved in blood
  • e.g., glucose, cations, anions
  • regulate blood volume, cellular concentration, and platelet number
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12
Q

–Controlling reproductive activities

A
  • affect development and function
  • affect expression of sexual behaviors
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13
Q

–Regulating development, growth, and metabolism

A
  • regulatory roles in embryonic cell division and differentiation
  • involved in catabolism and anabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
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14
Q

–Controlling digestive processes

A
  • influence secretory processes
  • influence movement through digestive tract
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15
Q

What is an endocrine organ?

A

single organ that is entirely endocrine in function

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16
Q

What are some of the endocrine organs?

A
  • pituitary gland
  • pineal gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid glands
  • adrenal glands
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17
Q

Endocrine Cells Within Other Organs

A

–Housed in tissue clusters in specific organs

–Secrete one or more hormones

  • organ with additional primary function
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18
Q

What are some of the endocrine cells within other organs?

A
  • hypothalamus, skin, thymus
  • heart, liver, stomach
  • pancreas, small intestine
  • kidneys, gonads
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19
Q

Hormones affect only specific target cells that have the necessay for the hormone to bind

A

Receptor

20
Q

Receptors constantly synthesized and degraded in order to modulate effect of hormone

A

Down-regulation

Up-regulation

21
Q

What are the hormone types?

A

Circulating

Local Hormones

22
Q

Circulating Hormones

A

circulate in blood throughout body – affect target tissues

23
Q

Local Hormones

A

–act locally

  • Paracrine
  • Autocrine
24
Q

Paracine

A

Act on neighboring cells

25
Q

Autocrine

A

Act on the same cell that secreted them

26
Q

What are the chemical classes of hormones?

A

Lipid-soluble

Water-soluble

27
Q

Lipid- Soluble

A

•Do not readily dissolve in blood and therefore must be attached to a carrier protein while being transported in the blood

–Steroids

–Thyroid hormones T3 and T4

–Nitric oxide (NO)

28
Q

Water-Soluble

A

•Readily dissolve in blood and therefore circulate in “free” form without a carrier protein

–Amine

–Peptide/ protein

–Eicosanoids

29
Q
A

Circulating Hormones

30
Q
A

Local Hormones

31
Q
A

Lipid Soluble Hormone

32
Q

How does the lipid soluble hormone get into the cell?

A
  1. The unbound lipid-soluble hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds with an intracellular receptor, (either within the cytosol or the nucleus) to form a hormone-receptor complex.
  2. The hormone-receptor complex then binds with a specific DNA sequence called a hormone-response element.
  3. This binding stimulates mRNA synthesis.
  4. mRNA exits the nucleus and is translated by a ribosome in the cytosol. A new protein is synthesized.
33
Q

Endocrine Reflexes

A
  • Regulated secretion of hormone controlled through reflex
  • Usually negative feedback system
  • There are a few examples of positive feedback systems
  • Preprogrammed response to certain stimuli
34
Q

Endocrine Reflexes are initiated by which types of stimulation?

A

hormonal, humoral, or nervous

35
Q

Hormonal Stimulation

A
  • e.g., thyroid stimulating hormone released from anterior pituitary
  • stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone
36
Q

Humeral Stimulation

A
  • respond to changing level of nutrients or ions
  • act on target cells to offset further loss or eliminate excess
37
Q

Nervous Stimulation

A

e.g., release of epinephrine and norepinephrine by adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic nervous stimulation

38
Q

Types of receptors on target cells

A
  • Membrane Bound Receptors
  • Intracellular Receptors
39
Q

Membrane Bound Receptors

A

– In plasma membrane of target cell
– Water soluble hormones are the ligand
– Binding activates intracellular signaling cascades

40
Q

Intracellular Receptors

A

_Inside of the cell somewhere (cytosol or nucleus)
– Lipid soluble hormones are the ligand
– Binding alters gene expression – increase in mRNA
synthesis (transcription)

41
Q

What are the three different results of water soluble hormones binding to membrane-bound receptors?

A
  1. Alteration of membrane permeability
  2. Activation of G proteins
  3. Receptors linked to intracellular
    enzymes through intracellular mediators
42
Q
A

Alternation of Membrane Permeability

43
Q

Activation of G-Proteins

A

– Binding of some water-soluble hormones causes activation of G- proteins

– Initiate series of biochemical events, signal transduction pathway

  • initiated by the hormone, the first messenger

– Docking results in formation of second molecule

  • termed second messenger
  • modifies some cellular activity
44
Q

GTP=

A

ON

45
Q

GDP=

A

OFF

46
Q
A

A&P Bio 245 (15 decks)

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