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A&P Bio 245 > Exam 4: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Exam 4: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration Definition

A

•collective process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are continuously exchanged between the atmosphere and the body’s cells

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2
Q

What does the respiratory system provide?

A

gas exchange

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3
Q

•Aerobic cellular respiration is necessary for life: what does it require?

A

–Requires an uninterrupted supply of oxygen

–Requires removal of carbon dioxide waste

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4
Q

What do cells do in the respiratory system?

A

engage in aerobic cellular respiration

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5
Q

Systems Working together to produce respiration: Respiratory

A

–promotes gas exchange between the lungs and atmosphere

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6
Q

Systems Working together to produce respiration: Skeletal and Muscular

A

–facilitate movement of air in and out of lungs

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7
Q

Systems Working together to produce respiration: Nervous

A

coordinates contraction of muscles for breathing

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8
Q

Systems Working together to produce respiration: cardiovascular

A

–transports oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and cells

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9
Q

Anatomy: Structurally: Upper Respiratory System

A

•Nose, pharynx and associated structures

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10
Q

Anatomy: Structurally: Lower Respiratory System

A

•Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

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11
Q

Anatomy: Functionally: Conducting Zone

A

–conducts air to lungs

•Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

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12
Q

Anatomy: Functionally: Respiratory Zone

A

–– main site of gas exchange

•Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

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13
Q

Functions of the Nose

A

–Cleans incoming air

–Humidifies incoming air

–Modification of speech vibrations

–Olfaction- detection of odorants

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14
Q

What is the Pharynx commonly called?

A

Throat

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15
Q

What are the lateral walls of the pharynx composed of?

A

Skeletal Muscles

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16
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

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17
Q

Functions of the pharynx

A
  • Passageway for air and food
  • Resonating chamber
  • Houses tonsils
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18
Q

What is the larynx also called

A

voice box

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19
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

•Air passageway

–Normally the larynx is open

•Prevents ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract

–During swallowing the superior opening covered

•Produces sound for speech

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20
Q

Vocal Cords

A

Ligaments in the larynx that vibrate when air passes over them during expiration

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21
Q

Trachea is also known as the

A

windpipe

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22
Q

where does the trachea divide into right and left primary bronchi?

A

Superior border of T5

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23
Q

What is particular about the hyaline cartilage in the esophagus

A

16-20 C- Shaped rings

open part faces the esophagus

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24
Q

Layers of the Tracheal Wall (inner most to outter most)

A

–mucosa

–submucosa

–tracheal cartilage

–adventitia

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25
Q

Mucosa

A

•pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and a lamina propria

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26
Q

Submucosa

A

•areolar connective tissue with blood vessels, nerves, serous and mucous glands, lymphatic tissue

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27
Q

Adventitia

A

•elastic connective tissue

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28
Q

Bronchi: Where do the right and left primary bronchus go to?

A

lungs

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29
Q

Bronchi: Carina

A

–internal ridge of mucosal covered cartilage at the bifurcation

•Most sensitive area for triggering cough reflex

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30
Q

Division of Bronchial Tree

A
  • Secondary lobar bronchi (one for each lobe)
  • Segmental bronchi,
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
  • Respiratory bronchioles (respiratory zone)
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31
Q

Structural changes with branching

A
  • Mucous membrane changes
  • Incomplete rings become plates of cartilage and then disappear
  • As cartilage decreases, smooth muscle increases

–Sympathetic ANS – relaxation/ dilation

–Parasympathetic ANS – contraction/ constriction

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32
Q

Lungs: What are the seperated by?

A

–Separated from each other by the heart and other structures in the mediastinum

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33
Q

What is each lung enclosed by?

A

–by double-layered pleural membrane

  • Parietal pleura
  • Visceral pleura
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34
Q

Parietal pleura

A

lines wall of thoracic cavity

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35
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

•covers lungs themselves

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36
Q

pleural cavity

A

–space between layers

•Pleural fluid reduces friction, produces surface tension (stick together)

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37
Q

cardiac notch

A

–heart makes left lung 10% smaller than right

38
Q

Respiratory Zone: What is it composed of?

A

•respiratory ducts, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

39
Q

Respiratory Bronchioles

A

Subdivided to alveolar ducts

40
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

lead to alveolar sacs (clusters of alveoli)

41
Q

Alveoli

A

Saccular outpouchings

42
Q

Respiratory Zone: Epithelium

A

–Respiratory bronchioles lined with simple cuboidal epithelium

–Alveoli and alveolar ducts lined by simple squamous

–Thinner than in the conducting portion

•facilitates gas exchange

43
Q

What are the Cell Types of the Alveolar wall?

A

–Simple squamous alveolar type I cells

–Alveolar type II cells (septal cells)

–Alveolar macrophage (dust cells)

44
Q

–Simple squamous alveolar type I cells

A
  • 95% of alveolar surface area
  • form part of the thin barrier separating air from blood
  • moist environment makes prone to collapse (high surface tension)
45
Q

–Alveolar type II cells (septal cells)

A
  • almost cuboidal shaped
  • secrete pulmonary surfactant, an oily substance

–coats inner alveolar surface

–helps oppose the collapse of alveoli

46
Q

–Alveolar macrophage (dust cells)

A
  • leukocytes that engulf microorganisms
  • either fixed in alveolar wall or free to migrate
47
Q

Respiratory gas exchange steps

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation/ breathing
  2. External (pulmonary) respiration
  3. Internal (tissue) respiration
48
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation/Breathing

A
  • Inhalation and exhalation
  • Exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli
49
Q

External Respiration

A

Exchange of gases between alveoli and blood

50
Q

Interal Respiration

A
  • Exchange of gases between systemic capillaries and tissue cells
  • Supplies cellular respiration (makes ATP)
51
Q

Inhalation is active contraction of

A

Diaphragm

External Intercostals

Accessory Muscles for deep, forceful inhalation

52
Q

Diaphragm

A

–most important muscle of inhalation

  • Flattens, lowering dome when contracted
  • Responsible for 75% of air entering lungs during normal quiet breathing
53
Q

External Intercostals

A

•Contraction elevates ribs

25% of air entering lungs during normal quiet breathing

54
Q

When the thorax expands:

A

–parietal and visceral pleurae adhere tightly due to subatmospheric pressure and surface tension – pulled along with expanding thorax

55
Q

As lung volume increases

A

alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure drops

56
Q

Exhalation

A

pressure in lungs is greater than the atmospheric pressure

57
Q

What is normally passive exhalation and what is it based on?

A

muscles relax instead of contract: it is based on the elastic recoil of chest wall and lungs from elastic fibers and surface tension of alveolar fluid.

Diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped

External Intercostals relax and ribs drop down

58
Q

When is exhalation active only?

A

during forceful breathing

59
Q

What is Dalton’s Law?

A

–Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present

–Pressure of a specific gas is partial pressure Px

–Total pressure is the sum of all the partial pressures

  • Atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg) = PN2 + PO2 + PH2O + PCO2 + Pother gases
60
Q

According to dalton when does gas diffuse across a permeable membrane?

A

–where its partial pressure is greater to the area where its partial pressure is less

–The greater the difference, the faster the rate of diffusion

61
Q

Henry’s law

A

•Quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressures of the gas and its solubility

62
Q

According to Henry’s Law, higher partial pressure of a gas over a liquid and higher solubility will do what to the gas?

A

more of the gas will stay in solution

63
Q

Why does very little N2 dissolve in the blood?

A

We mostly breathe in N2 but little is dissolved in the blood because of low solubility

64
Q

Why is more CO2 dissolved in blood rather than O2?

A

CO2 is 24 times more soluble

65
Q

External Respiration: Oxygen

A

–Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air (PO2 105 mmHg) into blood of pulmonary capillaries (PO2 40 mmHg)

–Diffusion continues until PO2 of pulmonary capillary blood matches PO2 of alveolar air

66
Q

External Respiration: Oxygen

What drops PO2 of blood in pulmonary veins to 100 mmHg?

A

Small amount of mixing with blood from conducting portion of respiratory system

67
Q

What does Gas Exchange depend on?

A

–Partial pressures of gases

–Surface area available for gas exchange

–Diffusion distance

–Molecular weight and solubility of gases

68
Q

What is important in gas exchange when reffering to Partial pressures of gasses?

A

•Alveolar PO2 must be higher than blood PO2 for diffusion to occur – problem with increasing altitude

69
Q

Why is molecular weight and solubility of gases important to gas exchange?

A

•O2 has a lower molecular weight and should diffuse faster than CO2 except for its low solubility - when diffusion is slow, hypoxia occurs before hypercapnia

70
Q

Oxygen Transport:

The higher the PO2….

A

more O2 combies with Hb

71
Q

Oxygen Transport:

To be fully saturated means

A

completely converted to oxyhemoglobin

72
Q

Oxygen Transport:

What does percent saturation express

A

average saturation of hemoglovin with oxygen

73
Q

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

A
  • In pulmonary capillaries, O2 loads onto Hb
  • In tissues, O2 is not held and unloaded

–75% may still remain in deoxygenated blood (reserve)

74
Q

What other factors affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

A

–Acidity

–PCO2

–Temperature

75
Q

Acidity (Bohr Effect)

A

–As acidity increases (pH decreases), affinity of Hb for O2 decreases

–Increasing acidity enhances unloading

–Shifts curve to right

76
Q

PCO2 (Haldane Effect)

A

–Also shifts curve to right

–As PCO2 rises, Hb unloads oxygen more easily

–Low blood pH can result from high PCO2

77
Q

With limits as temperature increases….

A

•more oxygen is released from Hb

–During hypothermia, more oxygen remains bound

78
Q

What is the function of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate?

A

–BPG formed by red blood cells during glycolysis

–Helps unload oxygen by binding with Hb

79
Q

Where will the curve shift with increased temperatures?

A

to the right

80
Q

How much CO2 can readily dissolve in the blood?

81
Q

About 23% of the CO2 is transported how?

A

–Carbamino compounds

  • combines with amino acids including those in Hb
  • Carbaminohemoglobin
82
Q

Bicarbonate ions: CO2 transport

A
  • 70% transported in plasma as HCO3-
  • Enzyme carbonic anhydrase forms carbonic acid (H2CO3) which dissociates into H+ and HCO3-
83
Q

What are the respiratory structures in the brainstem?

A

–Medullary Rhythmicity Area

–Pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory area

84
Q

–Medullary Rhythmicity Area

A
  • Dorsal groups stimulate the diaphragm
  • Ventral groups stimulate the intercostal and abdominal muscles
85
Q

–Pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory area

A

•Involved with switching between inspiration and expiration

86
Q

External Respiration: Carbon Dioxide

A

–Carbon dioxide diffuses from deoxygenated blood in pulmonary capillaries (PCO2 45 mmHg) into alveolar air (PCO2 40 mmHg)

–Continues until of PCO2 blood reaches 40 mmHg

87
Q

Internal Respiration: Oxygen

A

–Oxygen diffuses from systemic capillary blood (PO2 100 mmHg) into tissue cells (PO2 40 mmHg) – cells constantly use oxygen to make ATP

–Blood drops to 40 mmHg by the time blood exits the systemic capillaries

88
Q

Internal Respiration: Carbon Dioxide

A

–Carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells (PCO2 45 mmHg) into systemic capillaries (PCO2 40 mmHg) – cells constantly make carbon dioxide

–PCO2 blood reaches 45 mmHg

89
Q

Internal Respiration: At rest…

A

•only about 25% of the available oxygen is used

–Deoxygenated blood would retain 75% of its oxygen capacity

A&P Bio 245 (15 decks)

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