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Foundations Of Health Sciences > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most abundant
Support
Flexibility
Covers ends of bones
Connects ribs to sternum
Supports nose
In respiratory system

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2
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Shock absorber
Some flexibility
Strong and compressible
Knees
Discs between vertebrae
Pubis

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3
Q

Major divisions

A

Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

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4
Q

Functions

A

Support - against gravity
Protection - brain, spinal cord, organs
Movement - lever
Mineral storage - calcium phosphate
Hormone storage - growth factors
Blood cell formation - red bone marrow
Triglyceride storage - yellow bone marrow
Hormone production - osteocalcin

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5
Q

Long bones (classification)

A

Longer than wide
Elongated
Shaft plus two ends
E.g. femur, three bones in your fingers

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6
Q

Short bones (classification)

A

Roughly cubed
E.g. wrist and ankle

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7
Q

Sesamoid bones (type of short bone)

A

Form or embedded in a tendon
E.g. pisiform and patella.

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8
Q

Flat bone (classification)

A

Thin
Flattered
Usually curves
E.g. sternum, scapulae, ribs, cranial bones

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9
Q

Irregular bones (classification)

A

Complicated shaped
E.g. vertebrae, hip bones

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10
Q

Compact bone (gross anatomy)

A

Dense outer layer
Looks smooth and solid to the eye

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11
Q

Spongy bone (gross anatomy)

A

Internal
Trabeculae - honeycomb of small needle-like
Spaces filled with red and yellow bone marrow
Trabeculae redesign to account for physical activity

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12
Q

Proximal and epiphysis (gross anatomy)

A

End of bone

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13
Q

Diaphysis (gross anatomy)

A

Main/middle section

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14
Q

Epiphyseal line (gross anatomy)

A

Hyaline cartilage
Growth zones
Produces new cells where the bone can grow
As you age it calcifies

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15
Q

Periosteum (gross anatomy)

A

Two layers
Sharpey’s fibres connect to the bone
Outer fibrous layer - dense irregular connective tissue
Inner osteogenic layer contains osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Rich blood and nerve supply

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16
Q

Endosteum

A

Delicate connective tissue
Covers internal bone surfaces
Covers trabeculae
Lines canals
Osteoclast
Osteoblasts

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17
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Stem cells
Differentiate into osteoblasts

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18
Q

Osteoblast cells

A

Matrix synthesising
Bone growth
Unmineralised ground substance - collagen and calcium-binding proteins

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19
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature
Monitor and maintain mineralised matrix
Act as stress sensors
Respond to mechanical stimuli
Comunicate info for bone remodelling and repair

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20
Q

Osteoclast cells

A

Bone-re absorption
Lye in lacuna
Ruffled border -increases SA for enzymatically degrading the bone and sealing the area off

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21
Q

Bone lining cells

A

Flat
Found at bone surface where remodelling isn’t happening
Part of endosteum

22
Q

Compact bone (microscopic structure)

A

Periosteum
Volkmann’s canal - blood and nerves to enter Haversian canal
Osteon - hollow tubes, collagen fibres, resist to twisting motions
Central canal - blood and nerve that serves osteon
Canaliculi - hair like canals connects lacunae

23
Q

Spongy bone (microscopic structure)

A

Trabeculae align along stress helps resist stress
Few cells thick
Irregularly arranged lamellae
No Osteons
Diffusion of nutrients

24
Q

Chemical composition of bone

A

30% organic - flexibility, tensile strength (bone cells, fibres )
70% minerals - hardness (calcium phosphate)

25
Q

Synovial joints - articular catilage

A

Glassy smooth
Hyaline cartilage
Absorb compression on joint
Ends of bone

26
Q

Synovial joints - joint cavity

A

Synovial fluid
Space Surrounding the bones

27
Q

Synovial joints - articular capsule (inner)

A

Synovial membrane
Loose connective tissue
Secretes synovial fluid
Rich blood vessel network

28
Q

Synovial joints - articular capsule (outer)

A

Fibrous layer
Dense irregular connective tissue
Strengthens so bones aren’t pulled apart

29
Q

Synovial joints - synovial fluid

A

Viscous consistency - hyaluronic acid
Slippery, weight-bearing film
Reduces friction

30
Q

Synovial joints - bursae

A

Flattened fibrous sacs
Lines worth synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Prevents rubbing

31
Q

Synovial joints - fat pads

A

Adipose tissue
Sill spaces in joint
Protective
Vascularised

32
Q

Synovial joints - ligaments

A

Capsular - thickened parts of the fibrous layer
Outside or in capsule (intracapsule ligaments)
Dense connective tissue - collagen
Stop dislocation and lateral movement
Connect bones to bones

33
Q

Synovial joints - menisci

A

Fibrocartilage
Shock absorber
Dish/bowl shape for bone to sit in

34
Q

Synovial joints - tendon sheath

A

Elongated bursa
Wraps completely around tendon subject to friction
Filled with synovial fluid

35
Q

Types of synovial joint

A

Gliding/plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball-and-socket

36
Q

Gliding/plane joint

A

Flat articular surfaces
E.g. intercarpal joints, between vertebral articular surfaces

37
Q

Hinge joint

A

Cylinder and trough
Flexion and extension
E.g. elbow

38
Q

Pivot joint

A

Sleeve and axle
Rotation
E.g. proximal radioulnar

39
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Oval articular surfaces
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
E.g. Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) and wrist

40
Q

Saddle joint

A

Articular surface where both are concave and convex
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
E.g. carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs

41
Q

Ball-and-socket

A

Cup and spherical ball
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
Rotation
E.g. shoulder and hip joints

42
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Bones connected by dense fibroids connective tissue
Allow little movement
Synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic

43
Q

Fibrous joint types

A

Structure
Syndesmosis

44
Q

Fibrous joints - structure

A

Strong synarthrotic, fibrous joints
Ligaments becomes continuous with the periosteum of the bovine
Interlock/straight
Only found at junctions of the plate bones of the skull

45
Q

Fibrous joints - syndesmosis

A

Bound together by an interosseous ligament - long collagenous fibres
Amphiarthrotic
E.g. anterior tibiofibular ligament that connects the distal tibia and fibula

46
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Connected by hyaline cartilage
No synovial cavity
Synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic

47
Q

Cartilaginous joint types

A

Synchondrosis
Symphysis

48
Q

Cartilaginous joints - Synchondrosis

A

Connected by hyaline cartilage
As age they ossify to become continuous bone
E.g. the costal joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum

49
Q

Cartilaginous joints - symphysis

A

Hyaline cartilage fuses with a flat disc of Fibrocartilage
Shock absorbers
Most found in axial skeleton
Amphiarthrotic
E.g. intervertebral joints between vertebral bodies

50
Q

Joint classification - synathrosis

A

Joints that do not provide any movement

51
Q

Joint classification - amphiarthrosis

A

Joints that only provide a small degree of of movement

52
Q

Joint classification - diarthrosis

A

Joints that allow free movement

Foundations Of Health Sciences (17 decks)

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