Skeletal System Flashcards by Abi Wareham

Hyaline cartilage

Most abundant
Support
Flexibility
Covers ends of bones
Connects ribs to sternum
Supports nose
In respiratory system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fibrocartilage

Shock absorber
Some flexibility
Strong and compressible
Knees
Discs between vertebrae
Pubis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Major divisions

Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Functions

Support - against gravity
Protection - brain, spinal cord, organs
Movement - lever
Mineral storage - calcium phosphate
Hormone storage - growth factors
Blood cell formation - red bone marrow
Triglyceride storage - yellow bone marrow
Hormone production - osteocalcin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Long bones (classification)

Longer than wide
Elongated
Shaft plus two ends
E.g. femur, three bones in your fingers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Short bones (classification)

Roughly cubed
E.g. wrist and ankle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sesamoid bones (type of short bone)

Form or embedded in a tendon
E.g. pisiform and patella.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Flat bone (classification)

Thin
Flattered
Usually curves
E.g. sternum, scapulae, ribs, cranial bones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Irregular bones (classification)

Complicated shaped
E.g. vertebrae, hip bones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Compact bone (gross anatomy)

Dense outer layer
Looks smooth and solid to the eye

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Spongy bone (gross anatomy)

Internal
Trabeculae - honeycomb of small needle-like
Spaces filled with red and yellow bone marrow
Trabeculae redesign to account for physical activity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Proximal and epiphysis (gross anatomy)

End of bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Diaphysis (gross anatomy)

Main/middle section

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epiphyseal line (gross anatomy)

Hyaline cartilage
Growth zones
Produces new cells where the bone can grow
As you age it calcifies

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Periosteum (gross anatomy)

Two layers
Sharpey’s fibres connect to the bone
Outer fibrous layer - dense irregular connective tissue
Inner osteogenic layer contains osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Rich blood and nerve supply

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Endosteum

Delicate connective tissue
Covers internal bone surfaces
Covers trabeculae
Lines canals
Osteoclast
Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Osteoprogenitor cells

Stem cells
Differentiate into osteoblasts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Osteoblast cells

Matrix synthesising
Bone growth
Unmineralised ground substance - collagen and calcium-binding proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Osteocytes

Mature
Monitor and maintain mineralised matrix
Act as stress sensors
Respond to mechanical stimuli
Comunicate info for bone remodelling and repair

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Osteoclast cells

Bone-re absorption
Lye in lacuna
Ruffled border -increases SA for enzymatically degrading the bone and sealing the area off

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bone lining cells

Flat
Found at bone surface where remodelling isn’t happening
Part of endosteum

Compact bone (microscopic structure)

Periosteum
Volkmann’s canal - blood and nerves to enter Haversian canal
Osteon - hollow tubes, collagen fibres, resist to twisting motions
Central canal - blood and nerve that serves osteon
Canaliculi - hair like canals connects lacunae

Spongy bone (microscopic structure)

Trabeculae align along stress helps resist stress
Few cells thick
Irregularly arranged lamellae
No Osteons
Diffusion of nutrients

Chemical composition of bone

30% organic - flexibility, tensile strength (bone cells, fibres )
70% minerals - hardness (calcium phosphate)

Synovial joints - articular catilage

Glassy smooth Hyaline cartilage Absorb compression on joint Ends of bone

Synovial joints - joint cavity

Synovial fluid Space Surrounding the bones

Synovial joints - articular capsule (inner)

Synovial membrane Loose connective tissue Secretes synovial fluid Rich blood vessel network

Synovial joints - articular capsule (outer)

Fibrous layer Dense irregular connective tissue Strengthens so bones aren’t pulled apart

Synovial joints - synovial fluid

Viscous consistency - hyaluronic acid Slippery, weight-bearing film Reduces friction

Synovial joints - bursae

Flattened fibrous sacs Lines worth synovial membrane Synovial fluid Prevents rubbing

Synovial joints - fat pads

Adipose tissue Sill spaces in joint Protective Vascularised

Synovial joints - ligaments

Capsular - thickened parts of the fibrous layer Outside or in capsule (intracapsule ligaments) Dense connective tissue - collagen Stop dislocation and lateral movement Connect bones to bones

Synovial joints - menisci

Fibrocartilage Shock absorber Dish/bowl shape for bone to sit in

Synovial joints - tendon sheath

Elongated bursa Wraps completely around tendon subject to friction Filled with synovial fluid

Types of synovial joint

Gliding/plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball-and-socket

Gliding/plane joint

Flat articular surfaces E.g. intercarpal joints, between vertebral articular surfaces

Hinge joint

Cylinder and trough Flexion and extension E.g. elbow

Pivot joint

Sleeve and axle Rotation E.g. proximal radioulnar

Condyloid joint

Oval articular surfaces Flexion and extension Adduction and abduction E.g. Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) and wrist

Saddle joint

Articular surface where both are concave and convex Flexion and extension Adduction and abduction E.g. carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs

Ball-and-socket

Cup and spherical ball Flexion and extension Adduction and abduction Rotation E.g. shoulder and hip joints

Fibrous joints

Bones connected by dense fibroids connective tissue Allow little movement Synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic

Fibrous joint types

Structure Syndesmosis

Fibrous joints - structure

Strong synarthrotic, fibrous joints Ligaments becomes continuous with the periosteum of the bovine Interlock/straight Only found at junctions of the plate bones of the skull

Fibrous joints - syndesmosis

Bound together by an interosseous ligament - long collagenous fibres Amphiarthrotic E.g. anterior tibiofibular ligament that connects the distal tibia and fibula

Cartilaginous joints

Connected by hyaline cartilage No synovial cavity Synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic

Cartilaginous joint types

Synchondrosis Symphysis

Cartilaginous joints - Synchondrosis

Connected by hyaline cartilage As age they ossify to become continuous bone E.g. the costal joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum

Cartilaginous joints - symphysis

Hyaline cartilage fuses with a flat disc of Fibrocartilage Shock absorbers Most found in axial skeleton Amphiarthrotic E.g. intervertebral joints between vertebral bodies

Joint classification - synathrosis

Joints that do not provide any movement

Joint classification - amphiarthrosis

Joints that only provide a small degree of of movement

Joint classification - diarthrosis

Joints that allow free movement