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Foundations Of Health Sciences > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions

A

Warming, humidification and filtering the air
Smell (olfaction)
Protection and defence
Speech (phonation)
Pulmonary ventilation
Maintains blood pH
Endocrine
Gas exchange

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2
Q

Upper respiratory tract (URT)

A

From head to neck
URTI - common cold, sinusitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis

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3
Q

Nose

A

Enters nares (nostrils) to nasal cavity - connnected to several paranasal sinus cavities, lined with mucosal membrane (mucosa) - ciliated columnar epithelial cells
Veins warms air
Glands produce mucus
Mucus - moistens air, traps pathogens, lysozymes
Cilia - move mucus toward back of throat

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4
Q

Pharynx

A

Back of nasal cavity, down back if mouth and past the entrance to the larynx
Passageway
Warms and humidifies air
Hearing - protects middle ear. Naropharynx - auditory tubes connect middle ear
Protection - lymphoid tissue
Speech - resonance

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5
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box
Epiglottis - protects lungs by closing
Thyroid cartilage - vocal cords are attached here
Warms and humidifies air

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6
Q

Lower respiratory tract (LRT)

A

In the thorax
LRTI - bronchitis, bronchiolitis, chest infection, pneumonia

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7
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe
C-shaped cartilage - supports and keeps airways open
Lines by columnar ciliated epithelium
Goblet cells
Mucocillary escalator
Warms and humidifies air

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8
Q

Lungs

A

Cones shaped
Right - 3 lobes
Left - 2 lobes, accommodate the heart in cardiac notch
Alveoli, connective tissue, nerve and capillaries sitting in an elastic matrix of connective tissue
Thoracic cavity
Entrance and exit at the hilum

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9
Q

Pleura and pleural cavity

A

Sac of serous membrane
Serous - secrets serum; pleural fluid - creates surface tension, lubricates
Visceral pleural

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10
Q

Bronchi and bronchioles

A

Trachea -> two bronchi
Bronchi -> five or six lobar and segmental bronchi -> bronchioles; spirals of smooth muscle ANS control
Bronchoconstriction
Terminal bronchioles - alveolar ducts and sacs at end
Walls get thinner

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11
Q

Alveoli

A

Single layer of squamous epithelium
Loos, elastic connective tissue - macrophages, fibroblasts, nerves, BV, lymph vessels
Respiratory membrane - fused wall of alveoli and capillary
Type II pneumocyte (septal) - surfactant, decrease surface tension, prevents collapsing

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12
Q

Divisions in the respiratory system

A

Structure - URT, division at bottom of larynx and LRT
Function - conducting zone; passage of air and dead space, 150ml. Division at bronchioles. Respiratory zone; gaseous exchange, alveoli

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13
Q

Tracheostomy

A

Hole into trachea through neck
Treat airway obstruction
Breath via mouth and nose
Speech through speaking valve
Normal sounds
Temporary

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14
Q

Laryngectomy

A

Removal of the larynx and redirection of trachea
Treat cancer of larynx
Breathes through stoma
Speech not normal
Permanent and irreversible

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15
Q

Breathing musculature

A

Intercostal muscles - EIM; relaxed and forces inhalation. IIM; forced exhalation
Diaphragm - contraction; increase volume of thorax, drops and flattens. Relaxation; decrease volume of thorax, rises and domed

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16
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing
Regular and mainly automatic process
Refresh air in alveoli
Rest - inhalation; two seconds, exhalation; three seconds, pause

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17
Q

Boyles law

A

As volume decreases pressure increases
As volume increases pressure decreases
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume
Air flows down the pressure gradient

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18
Q

Relaxed inhalation

A
  1. Diaphragm and EIM contract = rib cage rise
  2. Thoracic cavity volume increase
  3. Lung volume increase
  4. Intrapulmonary pressure decreases
  5. Air flows into lungs down pressure gradient
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19
Q

Relaxed exhalation

A
  1. Diaphragm and EIM relax, ribcage descends
  2. Thoracic cavity volume decreases
  3. Lung volume decreases
  4. Intrapulmonary pressure increases
  5. Air flows out down the pressure gradient
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20
Q

Ease of breathing - elasticity

A

Shrink
Lungs ability to return to normal shape after inspiration due to connective tissue
Loss of connective tissue results in disease and forced expiration

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21
Q

Ease of breathing - compliance

A

Stretch
The effort required to inflate the alveoli
Reduces when surfactant is insufficient

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22
Q

Ease of breathing - airway resistance

A

More resistance means more effort to inhale and exhale
Airway obstruction - physical e.g. cystic fibrosis, or physiological, e.g. oedema

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23
Q

Forced inhalation - restrictive disorders

A

Helps lift the ribs and diaphragm more
Volume increases and pressure decreases more
Neck muscles - sternocleidomastoid & scalenes
Chest muscles - pectoralis major & minor
Spinal muscles - erector spinae

24
Q

Forced exhalation - obstructive disorders

A

Helps lower ribs more
Volume decreases and pressure increases more
Intercostal muscles - internal intercostal muscles
Abdominal muscles - transverse abdominals & rectus abdominals
Back muscles - latissimus dorsi

25
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A

Amount of air inhaled or exhales with each breath under resting conditions
Adult male average - 500ml
Adult female average - 500ml

26
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal TV inspiration
Adult male average - 3100ml
Adult female average - 1900ml

27
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal TV expiration
Adult male average - 1200ml
Adult female average - 700ml

28
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
Adult male average - 1200ml
Adult female average - 1100ml

29
Q

Dalton’s law

A

The total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mix
P total = PN2 + PO2 + PCO2
Only replenish 15% volume every five seconds for respiration

30
Q

Changes in respiratory rate

A

PO2 and CO2 changes in arterial blood - measured by receptors
ANS causes increase rate and depth of respiration if PP move too far out of normal range

31
Q

Gaseous exchange in alveoli

A

Atrial blood - low O2 high CO2
After - high O2 and low CO2
Diffuse down gradient O2 into capillaries from alveoli
Venous blood - high O2 and low CO2

32
Q

Gaseous exchange in tissues

A

Atrial blood - high O2 and low CO2
Tissue cells - low O2 and high CO2
Diffuse down gradient O2 into tissue cells from capillaries
Venous blood - lobe O2 and high CO2

33
Q

Factors affecting movement of O2 and CO2

A

Ventilation (V) - air that reaches alveoli
Perfusion (Q) - blood surrounding alveoli in capillaries

34
Q

V/Q coupling

A

How well they are matched
How efficient and adequate the system is
Ideally 1:1 but more like 0.8

35
Q

Local autoregulation - blood vessels

A

Poor ventilation - lower alveolar PO2, BV constrict, redirect to better areas
Good ventilation - higher alveolar PO2, BV dilate to accept more blood, more efficient

36
Q

Local autoregulation - bronchioles

A

Good ventilation - lower alveolar PCO2, constrict to redirect airflow to areas of poor ventilation
Poor ventilation - higher alveolar PCO2, dilate to accept more air

37
Q

Transport of gases in blood

A

Bohr effect
Rise on PCO2
Increase in H+ ions and lower pH
Release of O2 from Hb
Helps use venous reserve of O2

38
Q

Bohr effect in tissues

A

Higher PCO2 in respiring tissues
More H+ ions = low pH
H+ = release of O2 from Hb

39
Q

Haldane effect - property of haemoglobin

A

Oxygenation of blood in lungs displaces CO2 which is bound to Hb
Hb carries more CO2 in deoxygenated blood

40
Q

Oxygen

A

1.5% dissolve in plasma
98.5% attaches to Hb to form oxyhaemoglobin - unstable, easily dissociate especially in areas of low O2 levels, low pH or increased temperatures

41
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

7% dissolves in plasma
70% as bicarbonate ion (HCO3) - negative, role in buffering blood pH
23% attached to Hb to form carbaminohaemoglobin

42
Q

Respiratory failure

A

Failure to maintain adequate gas exchange
Characterised by abnormalities of arterial blood gas tension (ABG)
Normal values; pH: 7.35-7.45, PaCO2: 4-6kPa, PaO2: 10-13kPa, HCO3-: 22-26mmols/L

43
Q

Type 1 respiratory failure (T1RF)

A

Hypoxia - oxygen movement impaired, PaO2 is <8kPa. 8-10kPa means impairment. >8 means failure
Normal or low CO2 concentration
Caused by a V/Q mismatch

44
Q

T1RF causes

A

V/Q mismatch
Lack of oxygen
Unwell
Chest infection
Pneumonia

45
Q

Type 2 respiratory failure (T2RF)

A

Hypoxia - impaired oxygen movement, PaO2 is <8kPa. 8-10kPa means impaired. >8kPa means failure
Hypercapnia - high carbon dioxide levels, PaCO2 >6kPa
Caused by ventilation failure - not enough air being breathed out

46
Q

T2RF causes

A

Spinal cord injuries
Muscles don’t work
MND - muscles don’t work
Brain injuries

47
Q

Collateral ventilation

A

Alveoli are interdependent and connected
Keeps them open
Utilise a blocked alveoli by air going through different pathways so gas exchange can still occur
Once air is biting the mucus blocking the affected alveoli it can be removed

48
Q

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

The largest amount of air that you can forcefully exhale after deep inhalation
Maintain ventilation
Limited in neuromuscular disorders and spinal cord injuries

49
Q

Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)

A

How much air you can form from your lungs in one second

50
Q

Spirometers lung function test (LFT) - obstructive

A

Reduced FEV1 but can reach the FVC

51
Q

Peak flow

A

Simple measurement of how quickly you can blow air out of your lungs
Peak cough flow - coughing into the same device, <160ml cough augmentation is required

52
Q

Obstructive conditions - characterised

A

Reduction in airflow
Difficulty exhaling
Shortness of breath
Hyperinflation

53
Q

Obstructive conditions - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

No cure but can be treated
Chronic bronchitis - productive cough, lots of mucus
Emphysema - breathlessness, normally T1RF, damage to the alveoli so they become larger; trapped air

54
Q

Obstructive conditions - asthma

A

Inflammatory disease
Mast cells, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, neutrophils and epithelial cells are present
Wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough

55
Q

Obstructive conditions - bronchiectasis

A

Chronic cough, sputum and breathlessness
Caused by airways being damaged or widened by infection or another condition
Cilia stick together as there is excess mucus

56
Q

Restrictive conditions - characterised and disorders

A

Reduction in lung volume
Difficulty inhaling
Limitations in compliance and elasticity of lung tissue
Disorders - interstitial lung disease, scoliosis, neuromuscular disease, obesity, spinal cord injuries

57
Q

Breathlessness

A

Multi-factorial sensory contribute to the sensation
Mismatch between sensory input and motor effect to achieve an adequate breath
Sense of effort to breathe

Foundations Of Health Sciences (14 decks)

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