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Foundations Of Health Sciences > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions

A

Warming, humidification and filtering the air
Smell (olfaction)
Protection and defence
Speech (phonation)
Pulmonary ventilation
Maintains blood pH
Endocrine
Gas exchange

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2
Q

Upper respiratory tract (URT)

A

From head to neck
URTI - common cold, sinusitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis

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3
Q

Nose

A

Enters nares (nostrils) to nasal cavity - connnected to several paranasal sinus cavities, lined with mucosal membrane (mucosa) - ciliated columnar epithelial cells
Veins warms air
Glands produce mucus
Mucus - moistens air, traps pathogens, lysozymes
Cilia - move mucus toward back of throat

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4
Q

Pharynx

A

Back of nasal cavity, down back if mouth and past the entrance to the larynx
Passageway
Warms and humidifies air
Hearing - protects middle ear. Naropharynx - auditory tubes connect middle ear
Protection - lymphoid tissue
Speech - resonance

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5
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box
Epiglottis - protects lungs by closing
Thyroid cartilage - vocal cords are attached here
Warms and humidifies air

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6
Q

Lower respiratory tract (LRT)

A

In the thorax
LRTI - bronchitis, bronchiolitis, chest infection, pneumonia

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7
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe
C-shaped cartilage - supports and keeps airways open
Lines by columnar ciliated epithelium
Goblet cells
Mucocillary escalator
Warms and humidifies air

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8
Q

Lungs

A

Cones shaped
Right - 3 lobes
Left - 2 lobes, accommodate the heart in cardiac notch
Alveoli, connective tissue, nerve and capillaries sitting in an elastic matrix of connective tissue
Thoracic cavity
Entrance and exit at the hilum

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9
Q

Pleura and pleural cavity

A

Sac of serous membrane
Serous - secrets serum; pleural fluid - creates surface tension, lubricates
Visceral pleural

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10
Q

Bronchi and bronchioles

A

Trachea -> two bronchi
Bronchi -> five or six lobar and segmental bronchi -> bronchioles; spirals of smooth muscle ANS control
Bronchoconstriction
Terminal bronchioles - alveolar ducts and sacs at end
Walls get thinner

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11
Q

Alveoli

A

Single layer of squamous epithelium
Loos, elastic connective tissue - macrophages, fibroblasts, nerves, BV, lymph vessels
Respiratory membrane - fused wall of alveoli and capillary
Type II pneumocyte (septal) - surfactant, decrease surface tension, prevents collapsing

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12
Q

Divisions in the respiratory system

A

Structure - URT, division at bottom of larynx and LRT
Function - conducting zone; passage of air and dead space, 150ml. Division at bronchioles. Respiratory zone; gaseous exchange, alveoli

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13
Q

Tracheostomy

A

Hole into trachea through neck
Treat airway obstruction
Breath via mouth and nose
Speech through speaking valve
Normal sounds
Temporary

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14
Q

Laryngectomy

A

Removal of the larynx and redirection of trachea
Treat cancer of larynx
Breathes through stoma
Speech not normal
Permanent and irreversible

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15
Q

Breathing musculature

A

Intercostal muscles - EIM; relaxed and forces inhalation. IIM; forced exhalation
Diaphragm - contraction; increase volume of thorax, drops and flattens. Relaxation; decrease volume of thorax, rises and domed

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16
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing
Regular and mainly automatic process
Refresh air in alveoli
Rest - inhalation; two seconds, exhalation; three seconds, pause

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17
Q

Boyles law

A

As volume decreases pressure increases
As volume increases pressure decreases
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume
Air flows down the pressure gradient

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18
Q

Relaxed inhalation

A
  1. Diaphragm and EIM contract = rib cage rise
  2. Thoracic cavity volume increase
  3. Lung volume increase
  4. Intrapulmonary pressure decreases
  5. Air flows into lungs down pressure gradient
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19
Q

Relaxed exhalation

A
  1. Diaphragm and EIM relax, ribcage descends
  2. Thoracic cavity volume decreases
  3. Lung volume decreases
  4. Intrapulmonary pressure increases
  5. Air flows out down the pressure gradient
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20
Q

Ease of breathing - elasticity

A

Shrink
Lungs ability to return to normal shape after inspiration due to connective tissue
Loss of connective tissue results in disease and forced expiration

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21
Q

Ease of breathing - compliance

A

Stretch
The effort required to inflate the alveoli
Reduces when surfactant is insufficient

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22
Q

Ease of breathing - airway resistance

A

More resistance means more effort to inhale and exhale
Airway obstruction - physical e.g. cystic fibrosis, or physiological, e.g. oedema

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23
Q

Forced inhalation - restrictive disorders

A

Helps lift the ribs and diaphragm more
Volume increases and pressure decreases more
Neck muscles - sternocleidomastoid & scalenes
Chest muscles - pectoralis major & minor
Spinal muscles - erector spinae

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24
Q

Forced exhalation - obstructive disorders

A

Helps lower ribs more
Volume decreases and pressure increases more
Intercostal muscles - internal intercostal muscles
Abdominal muscles - transverse abdominals & rectus abdominals
Back muscles - latissimus dorsi

25
Tidal volume (TV)
Amount of air inhaled or exhales with each breath under resting conditions Adult male average - 500ml Adult female average - 500ml
26
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal TV inspiration Adult male average - 3100ml Adult female average - 1900ml
27
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal TV expiration Adult male average - 1200ml Adult female average - 700ml
28
Residual volume (RV)
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration Adult male average - 1200ml Adult female average - 1100ml
29
Dalton’s law
The total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mix P total = PN2 + PO2 + PCO2 Only replenish 15% volume every five seconds for respiration
30
Changes in respiratory rate
PO2 and CO2 changes in arterial blood - measured by receptors ANS causes increase rate and depth of respiration if PP move too far out of normal range
31
Gaseous exchange in alveoli
Atrial blood - low O2 high CO2 After - high O2 and low CO2 Diffuse down gradient O2 into capillaries from alveoli Venous blood - high O2 and low CO2
32
Gaseous exchange in tissues
Atrial blood - high O2 and low CO2 Tissue cells - low O2 and high CO2 Diffuse down gradient O2 into tissue cells from capillaries Venous blood - lobe O2 and high CO2
33
Factors affecting movement of O2 and CO2
Ventilation (V) - air that reaches alveoli Perfusion (Q) - blood surrounding alveoli in capillaries
34
V/Q coupling
How well they are matched How efficient and adequate the system is Ideally 1:1 but more like 0.8
35
Local autoregulation - blood vessels
Poor ventilation - lower alveolar PO2, BV constrict, redirect to better areas Good ventilation - higher alveolar PO2, BV dilate to accept more blood, more efficient
36
Local autoregulation - bronchioles
Good ventilation - lower alveolar PCO2, constrict to redirect airflow to areas of poor ventilation Poor ventilation - higher alveolar PCO2, dilate to accept more air
37
Transport of gases in blood
Bohr effect Rise on PCO2 Increase in H+ ions and lower pH Release of O2 from Hb Helps use venous reserve of O2
38
Bohr effect in tissues
Higher PCO2 in respiring tissues More H+ ions = low pH H+ = release of O2 from Hb
39
Haldane effect - property of haemoglobin
Oxygenation of blood in lungs displaces CO2 which is bound to Hb Hb carries more CO2 in deoxygenated blood
40
Oxygen
1.5% dissolve in plasma 98.5% attaches to Hb to form oxyhaemoglobin - unstable, easily dissociate especially in areas of low O2 levels, low pH or increased temperatures
41
Carbon dioxide
7% dissolves in plasma 70% as bicarbonate ion (HCO3) - negative, role in buffering blood pH 23% attached to Hb to form carbaminohaemoglobin
42
Respiratory failure
Failure to maintain adequate gas exchange Characterised by abnormalities of arterial blood gas tension (ABG) Normal values; pH: 7.35-7.45, PaCO2: 4-6kPa, PaO2: 10-13kPa, HCO3-: 22-26mmols/L
43
Type 1 respiratory failure (T1RF)
Hypoxia - oxygen movement impaired, PaO2 is <8kPa. 8-10kPa means impairment. >8 means failure Normal or low CO2 concentration Caused by a V/Q mismatch
44
T1RF causes
V/Q mismatch Lack of oxygen Unwell Chest infection Pneumonia
45
Type 2 respiratory failure (T2RF)
Hypoxia - impaired oxygen movement, PaO2 is <8kPa. 8-10kPa means impaired. >8kPa means failure Hypercapnia - high carbon dioxide levels, PaCO2 >6kPa Caused by ventilation failure - not enough air being breathed out
46
T2RF causes
Spinal cord injuries Muscles don’t work MND - muscles don’t work Brain injuries
47
Collateral ventilation
Alveoli are interdependent and connected Keeps them open Utilise a blocked alveoli by air going through different pathways so gas exchange can still occur Once air is biting the mucus blocking the affected alveoli it can be removed
48
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
The largest amount of air that you can forcefully exhale after deep inhalation Maintain ventilation Limited in neuromuscular disorders and spinal cord injuries
49
Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)
How much air you can form from your lungs in one second
50
Spirometers lung function test (LFT) - obstructive
Reduced FEV1 but can reach the FVC
51
Peak flow
Simple measurement of how quickly you can blow air out of your lungs Peak cough flow - coughing into the same device, <160ml cough augmentation is required
52
Obstructive conditions - characterised
Reduction in airflow Difficulty exhaling Shortness of breath Hyperinflation
53
Obstructive conditions - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
No cure but can be treated Chronic bronchitis - productive cough, lots of mucus Emphysema - breathlessness, normally T1RF, damage to the alveoli so they become larger; trapped air
54
Obstructive conditions - asthma
Inflammatory disease Mast cells, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, neutrophils and epithelial cells are present Wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough
55
Obstructive conditions - bronchiectasis
Chronic cough, sputum and breathlessness Caused by airways being damaged or widened by infection or another condition Cilia stick together as there is excess mucus
56
Restrictive conditions - characterised and disorders
Reduction in lung volume Difficulty inhaling Limitations in compliance and elasticity of lung tissue Disorders - interstitial lung disease, scoliosis, neuromuscular disease, obesity, spinal cord injuries
57
Breathlessness
Multi-factorial sensory contribute to the sensation Mismatch between sensory input and motor effect to achieve an adequate breath Sense of effort to breathe
58
Spirometer lung function test (LFT) - restrictive
Reduced FEV1 and cannot reach FVC

Foundations Of Health Sciences (17 decks)

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