Muscular System

Question 1

Types of muscle tissue

Answer 1

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

Question 2

Skeletal muscle description

Answer 2

Usually attached to bone
Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells
Obvious striations

Question 3

Skeletal muscle function

Answer 3

Voluntary movement
Locomotion
Manipulation of the environment
Facial expressions
Voluntary control

Question 4

Skeletal muscle location

Answer 4

Attached to bones and occasionally skin

Question 5

Cardiac muscle description

Answer 5

Branching, striated, uninucleate cells
Interdigitate at specialised junctions (boosts nerve impulses)
Autorhythmic

Question 6

Cardiac muscle function

Answer 6

Contraction causes blood to be propelled into the circulation
Involuntary control

Question 7

Cardiac muscle location

Answer 7

Walls of the heart

Question 8

Smooth muscle description

Answer 8

Spindle-shaped cells - allows wave-like contractions
Central nuclei
No striations
Cells arranged closely to form sheets

Question 9

Smooth muscle function

Answer 9

Propels substances and objects along internal passage-ways
Involuntary control

Question 10

Smooth muscle location

Answer 10

In the walls of hollow organs

Question 11

Functions

Answer 11

Movement
Posture
Regulating organ volume - e.g. stomach
Moving substances in the body - e.g. heart; blood
Heat production - muscle contraction

Question 12

Characteristics - excitability (irritability)

Answer 12

Ability to respond to a stimulus

Question 13

Characteristics - contractility

Answer 13

Ability to contract when stimulated from a nerve impulse

Question 14

Characteristics - extensibility

Answer 14

Ability to be stretched or extended

Question 15

Characteristics - elasticity

Answer 15

Ability to return to the original length after stretching

Question 16

Muscle attachment - origin

Answer 16

One end of the muscle is attached to a structure (usually bone) that remains stationary

Question 17

Muscle attachment - insertion

Answer 17

The opposite end of the muscle to the origin that is moved by the contraction

Question 18

Antagonistic pairs

Answer 18

One contracting (shortening) while the other relaxes (lengthening)

Question 19

Agonist

Answer 19

Prime mover
Contracts to cause an action

Question 20

Antagonist

Answer 20

Stretched and yields to the action of the agonist
Opposing force

Question 21

Synthergist

Answer 21

Contract to stabilise intermediate joints
E.g. brachialis (at elbow) during bicep curl

Question 22

Fixator

Answer 22

Stabilise the origin of the agonist

Question 23

Anatomy of skeletal muscle - fascicle

Answer 23

Muscle fibre cells
Makes bundles

Question 24

Anatomy of skeletal muscle - epimusium (connective tissue)

Answer 24

Surrounds the whole muscle

Question 25

Anatomy of skeletal muscle - perimysium (connective tissue)

Answer 25

Surrounds the bundles of fibres (fascicle)

Question 26

Anatomy of skeletal muscle - endomysium (connective tissue)

Answer 26

Surrounds individual muscle fibres

Question 27

Anatomy of skeletal muscle - myofilaments

Answer 27

Contractile protein, actin and myosin
Myofilaments make up myofibrils which makes up each muscle fibre
Overlapping of thin actin and thick myosin
Gives muscles striated appearance

Question 28

ATP production - creatine phosphate

Answer 28

Stored in muscles
Coupled reaction
Creatine kinase
No oxygen
1 ATP per creatine phosphate
15 seconds

Question 29

ATP production - anaerobic respiration

Answer 29

1. Glycolysis
2. Lactic acid formation
   No oxygen
   2 ATP per glucose
   60 seconds

Question 30

ATP production - aerobic respiration

Answer 30

1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle
3. Oxidative phosphorylation
   Uses oxygen
   32 ATP per glucose
   CO2 and H2O
   Hours