Inflammation

Question 1

Functions

Answer 1

Limits the spread of pathogen or destroys them
Remove cell debris and pathogens from damaged tissue
Tissue repair
Alerts the adaptive immune system

Question 2

Four cardinal signs of accuse inflammation

Answer 2

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain

Question 3

Cardinal signs of acute inflammation - heat

Answer 3

Hyperemia - increased blood flow
More heat transported by blood
Increases metabolic rate of cells - faster repair
Inhibits migration of some bacteria

Question 4

Cardinal signs of acute inflammation - redness

Answer 4

Vasodilation
Hyperemia - increased blood flow
More white blood cells and chemicals for tissue repair

Question 5

Cardinal signs of acute inflammation - swelling

Answer 5

Increased permeability - more fluid leak into interstitial space
More fluid may prevent injury to surrounding tissue
Limit movement - enhance tissue repair

Question 6

Cardinal signs of acute inflammation - pain

Answer 6

Chemicals released from cells stimulate local nerve endings causing localised pain
Limit movement - enhance tissue repair

Question 7

Inflammatory chemicals - histamine

Answer 7

Vasodilation
Increased permeability of blood vessels

Question 8

Inflammatory chemicals - kinins

Answer 8

Vasodilation
Increased permeability of blood vessels

Question 9

Inflammatory chemicals - prostaglandins

Answer 9

Intensify histamines and kinins effect

Question 10

Inflammatory chemicals - leukotrienes

Answer 10

Increased permeability of blood vessels
Phagocytes attachment

Question 11

Step one

Answer 11

Chemical alarm
Inflammatory chemicals released from stressed or damaged cells
Mast cells release histamines, kinins, prostaglandins and leukotrienes

Question 12

Step two

Answer 12

Phagocytes flood the area
Phagocytosis - engulfing unwanted pathogens

Question 13

Mobilising phagocytes - leukocytosis

Answer 13

Increased number of circulating white blood cells
Leukocytosis-inducing factors released from injured cells
Stimulates neutrophils to be released from red bone marrow

Question 14

Mobilising phagocytes - margination

Answer 14

Action of phagocytes clinging to the inner wall of blood capillaries
Inflamed cells release chemicals called ‘cell-adhesion molecules’ - CAMs
They signal to phagocytes in the area to adhere
Neutrophils slow down and bind to tissue to become active, then send out CAMs

Question 15

Mobilising phagocytes - diapedesis

Answer 15

Chemicals signalling continues
Encourages neutrophils to flatten and squeeze through the endothelial cells of capillary walls

Question 16

Mobilising phagocytes - chemotaxins

Answer 16

Chemicals signal to neutrophils and white blood cells to move toward the injury site
Chemotactic agents

Question 17

Monocytes

Answer 17

Follow neutrophils to the injury site
Not effective phagocytes
Produce lysosomes which turn into macrophages
Macrophages - disposing remaining pathogens, leaving the site ready for tissue repair and wound healing

Question 18

Pus

Answer 18

Mix of dead or dying neutrophils, dead tissue cells and living and dead pathogens

Question 19

Chronic inflammation

Answer 19

Prolonged tissue response
Tissue necrosis and tissue repair processes occur simultaneously
Macrophages tend to be recruited

Question 20

Chronic inflammation causes

Answer 20

Persistent infection
Chronic irritation e.g.cigarette smoke
Repeated episodes of acute inflammation
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases

Question 21

Fibroblasts

Answer 21

Active macrophages release local growth factors to activate fibroblasts
Start repairing the basic structure if damaged tissue