Inflammation Flashcards
Functions
Limits the spread of pathogen or destroys them
Remove cell debris and pathogens from damaged tissue
Tissue repair
Alerts the adaptive immune system
Four cardinal signs of accuse inflammation
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Cardinal signs of acute inflammation - heat
Hyperemia - increased blood flow
More heat transported by blood
Increases metabolic rate of cells - faster repair
Inhibits migration of some bacteria
Cardinal signs of acute inflammation - redness
Vasodilation
Hyperemia - increased blood flow
More white blood cells and chemicals for tissue repair
Cardinal signs of acute inflammation - swelling
Increased permeability - more fluid leak into interstitial space
More fluid may prevent injury to surrounding tissue
Limit movement - enhance tissue repair
Cardinal signs of acute inflammation - pain
Chemicals released from cells stimulate local nerve endings causing localised pain
Limit movement - enhance tissue repair
Inflammatory chemicals - histamine
Vasodilation
Increased permeability of blood vessels
Inflammatory chemicals - kinins
Vasodilation
Increased permeability of blood vessels
Inflammatory chemicals - prostaglandins
Intensify histamines and kinins effect
Inflammatory chemicals - leukotrienes
Increased permeability of blood vessels
Phagocytes attachment
Step one
Chemical alarm
Inflammatory chemicals released from stressed or damaged cells
Mast cells release histamines, kinins, prostaglandins and leukotrienes
Step two
Phagocytes flood the area
Phagocytosis - engulfing unwanted pathogens
Mobilising phagocytes - leukocytosis
Increased number of circulating white blood cells
Leukocytosis-inducing factors released from injured cells
Stimulates neutrophils to be released from red bone marrow
Mobilising phagocytes - margination
Action of phagocytes clinging to the inner wall of blood capillaries
Inflamed cells release chemicals called ‘cell-adhesion molecules’ - CAMs
They signal to phagocytes in the area to adhere
Neutrophils slow down and bind to tissue to become active, then send out CAMs
Mobilising phagocytes - diapedesis
Chemicals signalling continues
Encourages neutrophils to flatten and squeeze through the endothelial cells of capillary walls
Mobilising phagocytes - chemotaxins
Chemicals signal to neutrophils and white blood cells to move toward the injury site
Chemotactic agents
Monocytes
Follow neutrophils to the injury site
Not effective phagocytes
Produce lysosomes which turn into macrophages
Macrophages - disposing remaining pathogens, leaving the site ready for tissue repair and wound healing
Pus
Mix of dead or dying neutrophils, dead tissue cells and living and dead pathogens
Chronic inflammation
Prolonged tissue response
Tissue necrosis and tissue repair processes occur simultaneously
Macrophages tend to be recruited
Chronic inflammation causes
Persistent infection
Chronic irritation e.g.cigarette smoke
Repeated episodes of acute inflammation
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases
Fibroblasts
Active macrophages release local growth factors to activate fibroblasts
Start repairing the basic structure if damaged tissue
