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Foundations Of Health Sciences > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Role

A

Monitor internal and external environment
Process information
Direct behaviour ad body processes

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2
Q

Typical neurone - cell body (soma)

A

Surrounds the nucleus
Contains cytoplasmic organelles
Dendrites and axon branches off

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3
Q

Typical neurone - dendrites

A

Short, cytoplasmic branches off of the soma
Receive input from the axons of other neurones

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4
Q

Typical neurone - hillock

A

Expanded area of the soma
Origin of the axon
Nerve impulses arise from here

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5
Q

Typical neurone - axon

A

Carries information to other neurones, muscles, glands, or lymphatic tissue
Axoplasm
Myelin sheath - axolemma

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6
Q

Typical neurone - terminal arborisations/telodondria

A

Branches of the axon
Tips form expansions known as synaptic knobs - form synapses
Filled with neurotransmitters

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7
Q

Neuroglia

A

Hold nervous tissue together, providing it with structural and functional support
Local concentrations of neurotransmitters
Supply nutrients
Support neuronal development
Stabilise neuronal networks
Improve communication speed
Provide immunological defence

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8
Q

Neuroglia of the CNS

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells

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9
Q

Neuroglia of the PNS

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

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10
Q

Anatomical conceptual division - central nervous system

A

Brain - cranial cavity
Spinal cord - continuous with medulla oblongata, descends into the vertebral canal

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11
Q

Anatomical conceptual division - peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial nerves - brain stem to the face and internal organs
Spinal nerves - 31 pairs, spinal cord to the body

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12
Q

Ganglia

A

Part of the PNS
Collection of neuronal cell bodies
Relay stations
Relays sensory information to motor information

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13
Q

Functional conceptual division - somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary control
Sensory receptors - head, body surface, limbs, special sense organs
Somatic sensor nerve fibres - afferent
Somatic motor nerve fibre - efferent
Effector organs - skeletal muscle

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14
Q

Functional conceptual division - autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary control
Sensory receptors - visceral organs, e.g. lungs
Autonomic sensory nerve fibres - afferent
Sympathetic and parasympathetic motor nerve fibres - efferent
Effector organs - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, flands

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15
Q

Meninges

A

Surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Three layers
Protect and support the brain
Prevent spread of infection
Hold the cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

Meninges - pia mater

A

Innermost layer
On surface of the brain
Very thin and transparent
Closely follows the gyri and sulci
Subarachnoid space - cerebrospinal fluid circulates

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17
Q

Meninges - arachnoid mater

A

Middle layer
Spider-web appearance
Arachnoid trabeculae project into the pia material and reabsorb the cerebrospinal fluid to the blood

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18
Q

Meninges - dura mater

A

Outer most layer
Dense
Meningeal layer - folds inwards to form double thickness sheets; dural folds, holds the brain in place
Periosteal layer - adheres to the cranium, lies directly touching the meningeal layer, meningeal vessels course between this layer and cranium

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19
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Protective medium for the brain
Nutritive - e.g. glucose, oxygen
Removal of metabolites - e.g urea, lactate
Provides stable ionic environment - e.g. Na+, K+, Mg2+, Cl- and bicarbonate

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20
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid - choroid plexuses

A

Cerebrospinal fluid secreted from networks of capillaries in ventricle wall
Formed from filtrated blood plasma by ependymal cells
Adjoined by tight junctions, for a blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

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21
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

Large C-shaped
One in each cerebral hemisphere
Beneath the corpus callosum, between caudate nucleus and septum pellucidum
Communicates inferiorly to the third ventricle via the interventricular foramen

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22
Q

Third ventricle

A

Tobin space in the midline of the diencephalon
Bridged by interthalamic adhesion
Communicates superiorly with the lateral ventricles via the intraventricular foramen
Communicates inferiorly with the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct

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23
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

Small, triangular chamber found between the pons and the cerebellum
Narrows to form the central canal
Three openings allow the cerebrospinal fluid to leave the brain and enter the subarachnoid space

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24
Q

Gyrus (gyri)

A

Peaks of the ridges and folds

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25
Sulcus (sulci)
Dips or trenches of the ridges and folds
26
Fissure
Deep sulcus Can divide the two hemispheres of the brain
27
Pre-central gyrus
Posterior border of the frontal lobe, in front of the central sulcus Descends downwards and forwards from the top of the hemisphere Forms primary motor cortex
28
Central sulcus
Descending downwards and forwards from the top of the hemisphere Divides the frontal and parietal lobes
29
Post-central gyrus
Anterior border of the parietal lobe Behind the central sulcus Descends downwards and forwards from the top of the hemisphere Forms primary somatosensory cortex
30
Lateral sulcus
Lateral side of the brain Almost horizontal Ascends gradually from the front of the brain to the angular gyrus Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe
31
White matter
Fibre tracts Information superhighway Connects different areas of the brain Sensory and motor pathways Tracts to the rest of the nervous system
32
White matter - corpus collpsum
Connects hemispheres Can be cut, one side of the brain/body doesn’t know what the other side is doing Lack of coordination
33
White matter - internal capsule
Connects higher cortical areas to lower brain and spinal cord Connection to peripheral nerves
34
White matter - association fibres
Connects cortical areas in the same hemisphere Internal to the brain Local information transmission
35
Grey matter
Neurones Glial cells Blood vessels No major (long) fibre tracts
36
Frontal lobe
Planning Emotion Mood Behaviour Motor function Smell
37
Temporal lobe
Hearing Language Memory
38
Parietal lobe
Touch Pain Temperature sensation
39
Occipital lobe
Vision
40
Cerebellum
Balance Coordination of physical movements
41
Brain stem
Autonomic control of body systems Main sensory/motor pathways pass through
42
Insula
Smallest lobe Deep in the cerebrum Deep to the parietal and temporal lobe Special senses - taste and hearing Visceral sensation Conscious awareness Gestation Cognitive emotional processing Audio-visual integration Interoception - autonomic sensory monitoring Homeostatic error detection
43
Motor cortex somatic
Motor control of skeletal muscle Motor planning (general)
44
Pre motor cortex
More rounded motions
45
Sensory cortex
Input from skin Input from proprioceptors Spatial discrimination
46
Associative sensory cortex
Helps coordinates memory of previous sensory information
47
Visual cortex
Mapping visual input Visual recognition
48
Associative visual cortex
Helps coordinates memory of previous visual information
49
Auditory cortex
Pitch Loudness Location Auditory memory/sound recognition
50
Wernicke’s area
Language Reading or listening Recognition of words Association with meanings Context Found on the left side of the brain
51
Broca’s area
Motor control of speech Speech planning (stutter) Motor planning (general) Language output area Associated with the pre motor cortex Found on the left side of the brain
52
Somatotopy
Body maps onto the brains surface Understand which part of the brain the action potential is coming fro, e.g. which part of the body is touched Homuculi
53
Brain stem (more)
Medulla, pons and midbrain Ascending and descending nerve tracts Origin of cranial nerves Autonomic function Reticular formation
54
Brain stem - reticular formation
Filtering incoming information Control of sleep and consciousness Modulation of pain Regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory systems Somatic motor control from cranial nerves Gaze centres
55
Cerebellum (more)
Receives information from the inner ear Control of balance Influences posture and muscle tone Coordination of movement “Motor learning” - muscle memory
56
Blood supply to the brain
Left and right common carotid arteries ascend at the side of the neck and divide to form the internal and external carotids
57
Blood supply to the brain - internal carotid artery
Deep artery of the neck Enters the skull to supply the brain, eyes, nose and forehead Branches - ophthalmic, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral
58
Blood supply to the brain - vertebral artery
Arises from the subclavian artery Ascends through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae Enters the skull via the foramen magnum Unites with its opposite to form the basilar artery Supply the cervical vertebrae, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord Branches - spinal, posterior inferior cerebral, basilar
59
Blood supply to the brain - circle of Willis
Branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries form an arterial Cecile around the pituitary gland and optic chiasm Anastomosis If an artery supplying the brain becomes damages, blood flow from other vessels replace it
60
Blood supply to the brain - anterior cerebral arteries
Supply to the frontal and parietal lobes
61
Blood supply to the brain - posterior cerebral arteries
Supply to the temporal and occipital lobes
62
Blood supply to the brain - middle cerebral artery
Supply to the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes, also to the pre central gyrus and the post central gyrus
63
ANS anatomy - sympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight Increase heart rate Dilate pupils and vessels to muscles Sweating Suppress digestion Preganglionic fibres - short, rami of T1 to L3 Post ganglionic fibres - long
64
ANS anatomy - sympathetic nervous system; sympathetic ganglion
Paravertebral ganglia Next to vertebrae
65
ANS anatomy - sympathetic nervous system; white ramus
Myelinated fibres From nervous system to sympathetic ganglion
66
ANS anatomy - sympathetic nervous system; grey ramus
Back from sympathetic ganglion to the nervous system
67
ANS anatomy - sympathetic nervous system; pre vertebral ganglia
From nerves to viscera Solar plexus - pre vertebral complex
68
ANS anatomy - sympathetic nervous system; neurones
Release acetylcholine and norepinephrine (postganglionic transmitter)
69
ANS anatomy - parasympathetic nervous system
Rest and digest Decrease heart rate Constricting pupils and vessels to skeletal muscles Stimulating digestion Discrete control Preganglionic motor neurone - long, in the four cranial nerves and the pelvic sphanchnic nerves Postganglionic motor neurone - short, in walls of target organ
70
ANS anatomy - parasympathetic nervous system; neurones
Release acetylcholine - reduces heart rate
71
Adrenal gland - cortex
Cortisol - stress hormone, increases glucose production, regulates ion balance
72
Adrenal gland - medulla
Chromaffin cells - modified neurones 20% norepinephrine (noradrenaline) 80% epinephrine (adrenaline) Sympathetic nervous system No neural connection - nerve goes straight to the adrenal medulla
73
Higher control of the ANS - brain stem and spinal cord
Reticular formation direct influence Medulla oversees gastrointestinal activities Midbrain controls muscles involved in pupil diameter and lens focus
74
Higher control of the ANS - main nuclei involves in control of cardiac output
Pressor area (sympathetic) Solitary nucleus Depressor area (inhibition) - reduce sympathetic activation Nucleus ambiguous - vagus nerve (PNS), activation results in vagus time and reduces Q
75
Higher control of the ANS - main nuclei involves in control of respiratory function
Pontine nuclei - cerebellum manages other nuclei, adjusts rate and depth of breathing Ventral respiratory group - controls breathing in and out Dorsal respiratory group - works together with ventral respiratory group and receives input from solitary nucleus
76
Higher control of the ANS - hypothalamus
Main integration centre Anterior region - parasympathetic function Posterior region - sympathetic function Exerts effect directly and through the reticular formation
77
Higher control of the ANS - cortical control
Not fully involuntary Input converge on hypothalamus through connections to limbic system - information processing centre Informs hypothalamus and brain stem

Foundations Of Health Sciences (17 decks)

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