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Foundations Of Health Sciences > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Role

A

Monitor internal and external environment
Process information
Direct behaviour ad body processes

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2
Q

Typical neurone - cell body (soma)

A

Surrounds the nucleus
Contains cytoplasmic organelles
Dendrites and axon branches off

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3
Q

Typical neurone - dendrites

A

Short, cytoplasmic branches off of the soma
Receive input from the axons of other neurones

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4
Q

Typical neurone - hillock

A

Expanded area of the soma
Origin of the axon
Nerve impulses arise from here

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5
Q

Typical neurone - axon

A

Carries information to other neurones, muscles, glands, or lymphatic tissue
Axoplasm
Myelin sheath - axolemma

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6
Q

Typical neurone - terminal arborisations/telodondria

A

Branches of the axon
Tips form expansions known as synaptic knobs - form synapses
Filled with neurotransmitters

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7
Q

Neuroglia

A

Hold nervous tissue together, providing it with structural and functional support
Local concentrations of neurotransmitters
Supply nutrients
Support neuronal development
Stabilise neuronal networks
Improve communication speed
Provide immunological defence

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8
Q

Neuroglia of the CNS

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells

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9
Q

Neuroglia of the PNS

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

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10
Q

Anatomical conceptual division - central nervous system

A

Brain - cranial cavity
Spinal cord - continuous with medulla oblongata, descends into the vertebral canal

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11
Q

Anatomical conceptual division - peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial nerves - brain stem to the face and internal organs
Spinal nerves - 31 pairs, spinal cord to the body

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12
Q

Ganglia

A

Part of the PNS
Collection of neuronal cell bodies
Relay stations
Relays sensory information to motor information

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13
Q

Functional conceptual division - somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary control
Sensory receptors - head, body surface, limbs, special sense organs
Somatic sensor nerve fibres - afferent
Somatic motor nerve fibre - efferent
Effector organs - skeletal muscle

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14
Q

Functional conceptual division - autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary control
Sensory receptors - visceral organs, e.g. lungs
Autonomic sensory nerve fibres - afferent
Sympathetic and parasympathetic motor nerve fibres - efferent
Effector organs - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, flands

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15
Q

Meninges

A

Surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Three layers
Protect and support the brain
Prevent spread of infection
Hold the cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

Meninges - pia mater

A

Innermost layer
On surface of the brain
Very thin and transparent
Closely follows the gyri and sulci
Subarachnoid space - cerebrospinal fluid circulates

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17
Q

Meninges - arachnoid mater

A

Middle layer
Spider-web appearance
Arachnoid trabeculae project into the pia material and reabsorb the cerebrospinal fluid to the blood

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18
Q

Meninges - dura mater

A

Outer most layer
Dense
Meningeal layer - folds inwards to form double thickness sheets; dural folds, holds the brain in place
Periosteal layer - adheres to the cranium, lies directly touching the meningeal layer, meningeal vessels course between this layer and cranium

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19
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Protective medium for the brain
Nutritive - e.g. glucose, oxygen
Removal of metabolites - e.g urea, lactate
Provides stable ionic environment - e.g. Na+, K+, Mg2+, Cl- and bicarbonate

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20
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid - choroid plexuses

A

Cerebrospinal fluid secreted from networks of capillaries in ventricle wall
Formed from filtrated blood plasma by ependymal cells
Adjoined by tight junctions, for a blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

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21
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

Large C-shaped
One in each cerebral hemisphere
Beneath the corpus callosum, between caudate nucleus and septum pellucidum
Communicates inferiorly to the third ventricle via the interventricular foramen

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22
Q

Third ventricle

A

Tobin space in the midline of the diencephalon
Bridged by interthalamic adhesion
Communicates superiorly with the lateral ventricles via the intraventricular foramen
Communicates inferiorly with the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct

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23
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

Small, triangular chamber found between the pons and the cerebellum
Narrows to form the central canal
Three openings allow the cerebrospinal fluid to leave the brain and enter the subarachnoid space

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24
Q

Gyrus (gyri)

A

Peaks of the ridges and folds

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25
Q

Sulcus (sulci)

A

Dips or trenches of the ridges and folds

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26
Q

Fissure

A

Deep sulcus
Can divide the two hemispheres of the brain

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27
Q

Pre-central gyrus

A

Posterior border of the frontal lobe, in front of the central sulcus
Descends downwards and forwards from the top of the hemisphere
Forms primary motor cortex

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28
Q

Central sulcus

A

Descending downwards and forwards from the top of the hemisphere
Divides the frontal and parietal lobes

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29
Q

Post-central gyrus

A

Anterior border of the parietal lobe
Behind the central sulcus
Descends downwards and forwards from the top of the hemisphere
Forms primary somatosensory cortex

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30
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Lateral side of the brain
Almost horizontal
Ascends gradually from the front of the brain to the angular gyrus
Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe

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31
Q

White matter

A

Fibre tracts
Information superhighway
Connects different areas of the brain
Sensory and motor pathways
Tracts to the rest of the nervous system

32
Q

White matter - corpus collpsum

A

Connects hemispheres
Can be cut, one side of the brain/body doesn’t know what the other side is doing
Lack of coordination

33
Q

White matter - internal capsule

A

Connects higher cortical areas to lower brain and spinal cord
Connection to peripheral nerves

34
Q

White matter - association fibres

A

Connects cortical areas in the same hemisphere
Internal to the brain
Local information transmission

35
Q

Grey matter

A

Neurones
Glial cells
Blood vessels
No major (long) fibre tracts

36
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Planning
Emotion
Mood
Behaviour
Motor function
Smell

37
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing
Language
Memory

38
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Touch
Pain
Temperature sensation

39
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

40
Q

Cerebellum

A

Balance
Coordination of physical movements

41
Q

Brain stem

A

Autonomic control of body systems
Main sensory/motor pathways pass through

42
Q

Insula

A

Smallest lobe
Deep in the cerebrum
Deep to the parietal and temporal lobe
Special senses - taste and hearing
Visceral sensation
Conscious awareness
Gestation
Cognitive emotional processing
Audio-visual integration
Interoception - autonomic sensory monitoring
Homeostatic error detection

43
Q

Motor cortex somatic

A

Motor control of skeletal muscle
Motor planning (general)

44
Q

Pre motor cortex

A

More rounded motions

45
Q

Sensory cortex

A

Input from skin
Input from proprioceptors
Spatial discrimination

46
Q

Associative sensory cortex

A

Helps coordinates memory of previous sensory information

47
Q

Visual cortex

A

Mapping visual input
Visual recognition

48
Q

Associative visual cortex

A

Helps coordinates memory of previous visual information

49
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Pitch
Loudness
Location
Auditory memory/sound recognition

50
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Language
Reading or listening
Recognition of words
Association with meanings
Context
Found on the left side of the brain

51
Q

Broca’s area

A

Motor control of speech
Speech planning (stutter)
Motor planning (general)
Language output area
Associated with the pre motor cortex
Found on the left side of the brain

52
Q

Somatotopy

A

Body maps onto the brains surface
Understand which part of the brain the action potential is coming fro, e.g. which part of the body is touched
Homuculi

53
Q

Brain stem

A

Medulla, pons and midbrain
Ascending and descending nerve tracts
Origin of cranial nerves
Autonomic function
Reticular formation

54
Q

Brain stem - reticular formation

A

Filtering incoming information
Control of sleep and consciousness
Modulation of pain
Regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory systems
Somatic motor control from cranial nerves
Gaze centres

55
Q

Cerebellum (more)

A

Receives information from the inner ear
Control of balance
Influences posture and muscle tone
Coordination of movement
“Motor learning” - muscle memory

56
Q

Blood supply to the brain

A

Left and right common carotid arteries ascend at the side of the neck and divide to form the internal and external carotids

57
Q

Blood supply to the brain - internal carotid artery

A

Deep artery of the neck
Enters the skull to supply the brain, eyes, nose and forehead
Branches - ophthalmic, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral

58
Q

Blood supply to the brain - vertebral artery

A

Arises from the subclavian artery
Ascends through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae
Enters the skull via the foramen magnum
Unites with its opposite to form the basilar artery
Supply the cervical vertebrae, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord
Branches - spinal, posterior inferior cerebral, basilar

59
Q

Blood supply to the brain - circle of Willis

A

Branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries form an arterial Cecile around the pituitary gland and optic chiasm
Anastomosis
If an artery supplying the brain becomes damages, blood flow from other vessels replace it

60
Q

Blood supply to the brain - anterior cerebral arteries

A

Supply to the frontal and parietal lobes

61
Q

Blood supply to the brain - posterior cerebral arteries

A

Supply to the temporal and occipital lobes

62
Q

Blood supply to the brain - middle cerebral artery

A

Supply to the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes, also to the pre central gyrus and the post central gyrus

63
Q

ANS anatomy - sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight
Increase heart rate
Dilate pupils and vessels to muscles
Sweating
Suppress digestion
Preganglionic fibres - short, rami of T1 to L3
Post ganglionic fibres - long

64
Q

ANS anatomy - sympathetic nervous system; sympathetic ganglion

A

Paravertebral ganglia
Next to vertebrae

65
Q

ANS anatomy - sympathetic nervous system; white ramus

A

Myelinated fibres
From nervous system to sympathetic ganglion

66
Q

ANS anatomy - sympathetic nervous system; grey ramus

A

Back from sympathetic ganglion to the nervous system

67
Q

ANS anatomy - sympathetic nervous system; pre vertebral ganglia

A

From nerves to viscera
Solar plexus - pre vertebral complex

68
Q

ANS anatomy - sympathetic nervous system; neurones

A

Release acetylcholine and norepinephrine (postganglionic transmitter)

69
Q

ANS anatomy - parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and digest
Decrease heart rate
Constricting pupils and vessels to skeletal muscles
Stimulating digestion
Discrete control
Preganglionic motor neurone - long, in the four cranial nerves and the pelvic sphanchnic nerves
Postganglionic motor neurone - short, in walls of target organ

70
Q

ANS anatomy - parasympathetic nervous system; neurones

A

Release acetylcholine - reduces heart rate

71
Q

Adrenal gland - cortex

A

Cortisol - stress hormone, increases glucose production, regulates ion balance

72
Q

Adrenal gland - medulla

A

Chromaffin cells - modified neurones
20% norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
80% epinephrine (adrenaline)
Sympathetic nervous system
No neural connection - nerve goes straight to the adrenal medulla

73
Q

Higher control of the ANS - brain stem and spinal cord

A

Reticular formation direct influence
Medulla oversees gastrointestinal activities
Midbrain controls muscles involved in pupil diameter and lens focus

74
Q

Higher control of the ANS - main nuclei involves in control of cardiac output

A

Pressor area (sympathetic)
Solitary nucleus
Depressor area (inhibition) - reduce sympathetic activation
Nucleus ambiguous - vagus nerve (PNS), activation results in vagus time and reduces Q

75
Q

Higher control of the ANS - main nuclei involves in control of respiratory function

A

Pontine nuclei - cerebellum manages other nuclei, adjusts rate and depth of breathing
Ventral respiratory group - controls breathing in and out
Dorsal respiratory group - works together with ventral respiratory group and receives input from solitary nucleus

76
Q

Higher control of the ANS - hypothalamus

A

Main integration centre
Anterior region - parasympathetic function
Posterior region - sympathetic function
Exerts effect directly and through the reticular formation

77
Q

Higher control of the ANS - cortical control

A

Not fully involuntary
Input converge on hypothalamus through connections to limbic system - information processing centre
Informs hypothalamus and brain stem

Foundations Of Health Sciences (17 decks)

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