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Foundations Of Health Sciences > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Function

A

Ingestion
Mechanical processing
Digestion - mechanical and chemical
Secretion
Absorption
Compaction
Defecation

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2
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Outside the gastrointestinal tract
Empty secretions into the gastrointestinal tract
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Billary tract

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3
Q

Salivary glands

A

99% water
Amylase
Lingual lipase
Antibodies
Lysozyme
Defensins

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4
Q

Liver: functions

A

Detoxification of metabolic waste
Destruction of spent red blood cells
Secretion of bile
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Processing and storage of nutrients
Storage of fat-soluble vitamins
Storage of glucose

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5
Q

Liver: liver lobule

A

Group of hepatocytes
Hexagonal
Separated by connective tissue with portal tracts
Portal triads at corners of the lobule

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6
Q

Liver lobule: hepatocytes

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells
Stake up amino acids, glucose, vitamins
Detoxify blood of hormones, toxins and drugs
Synthesise bile

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7
Q

Liver lobule: sinusoid

A

Very leaky - Fenestrated
Allows blood plasma to filter out of the sinusoid into the space surrounding the hepatocytes

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8
Q

Liver lobule: central vein

A

Collecting vein from the sinusoids

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9
Q

Liver lobule: hepatic portal vein

A

Nutrient rich blood from the gut
To be filtered

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10
Q

Liver lobule: hepatic artery

A

Oxygenated blood from the heart

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11
Q

Liver lobule: bile duct

A

Collecting bile that is synthesised from hepatocytes

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12
Q

Portal triad

A

Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Lymph vessel
Bile duct

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13
Q

Liver: the space of disse

A

Similar to interstitial space
Filled with hemolymph

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14
Q

The space of disse: hepatic sinusoid

A

Filled with blood

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15
Q

The space of disse: endothelial cells

A

Fenestrated
Blood plasma can permeate into the space of disse

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16
Q

The space of disse: hepatic stellate cells

A

Quiescent state - take up fatty substances, vitamin A and fat soluble lipids
Damage - become fibroblasts, release fibres into tissues

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17
Q

The space of disse: kupffer cells

A

Act as macrophages
Permanently situated in the wall of hepatic sinusoid
Remove waste and old red blood cells
Produce bilirubin - important for bile

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18
Q

Gall bladder

A

7-10cm long brown-green sac
Store and concentrate bile, releasing it into the duodenum
Lymph and blood vessels in Submucosa
Tall columnar epithelium cells - brush border, increase SA, absorb water from bile to make it more concentrated

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19
Q

Bile

A

900ml per day
97% water
Alkaline - neutralise the acidic chyme
Bilirubin
Bile salts - emulsify fats, with water
Bile pigment - chiefly bilirubin, into stercobilin
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Phospholipids - lecithin, fatty substances mix with water
Electrolytes

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20
Q

Pancreas

A

Endocrine and exocrine
Alkaline fluid - rich in enzymes; precursor to trypsin and chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase and nucleases
Neutralises acidic chyme - prevent damage to mucosa
Inactive trypsin and chymotrypsin - prevent auto digestion, activated in duodenum

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21
Q

Pancreas: control of bile and pancreatic secretion

A

Acidic chime in intestine stimulates production of intestinal fluid
Secretin - hepatocytes release bile, pancreatic secretion.
CCK - gallbladder contraction, pancreatic secretion

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22
Q

Layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall: serosa

A

Outer most layer
Abdomen - peritoneum
Barrier to spread of infection
Anchors gastrointestinal tract
Areolar connective tissue
Squamous epithelial cells

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23
Q

Layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall: muscular layer (muscularis)

A

Two layers of smooth muscle - circular and longitudinal muscle
Peristalsis and mixing
Sphincters
Nervous system
Stretched to allow more food through the gut

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24
Q

Layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall: Submucosa

A

Loose connective tissue
Blood vessels
Nerves
Lymph vessels
Lymphoid tissue
Deep digestive glands
Areolar connective tissue - stretch and contract

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25
Layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall: mucosa
Mucous membrane - protects, secrets, absorbs, columnar epithelial cells Lamina propria - blood vessels, lymphoid tissue, Areolar tissue Muscularis mucosa - infolding, increases surface area
26
Mesenteries and lymph nodes
Blood and nervous supply to all layers Lymphatic drainage from all layers 150 mesenteric lymph nodes - immune function
27
Peristalsis
Enteric nervous system - automatic control Muscle contacts and squeezes the bottom 2/3 of oesophagus Allows food to go down smoothly
28
Enteric nervous system: myenteric (auerbach’s) plexus
Motor Outer muscularis mucosa Sympathetic and parasympathetic
29
Enteric nervous system: submucosal (meissner’s) plexus
Secretomotor Outer muscularis mucosa Secretion from glands in mucosa
30
Oesophagus
Conveys food from oropharync to stomach Mucosa is subject to friction - apical cells slough off Thick protective stratified squamous epithelium cells
31
Oesophagus: passage of food facilitated by
Flattening of mucosal folds - no restriction Mucous glands - lubricates Loose and elastic Submucosa
32
Oesophagus: muscularis externa
Upper 1/3 - skeletal muscle, initiation of swelling, voluntary control Lower 2/3 - smooth muscle, peristalsis, enteric nervous system; automatic
33
Stomach: functions
Mixing compartment Storage organ Secretes gastric juice
34
Stomach: oblique muscle
Extra layer in the muscularis Allows it to mash and ring chyme Peristalsis
35
Stomach: Hydrochloric acid
Very acidic - pH 1-2 Breakdowns food Control the bacteria and pathogen populations Harsh environment
36
Stomach: mucus
Bicarbonate ions Protect lining of the gut from the acid Neutralises the Hydrochloric acid
37
Stomach gross anatomy: cardiac region
Upper region Where oesophagus enters Mucus glands - protects oesophagus from acid
38
Stomach gross anatomy: fundus
Above junction with the oesophagus Glands secrete Hydrochloric acid and pepsin
39
Stomach gross anatomy: pyloric canal
Narrow Between the pyloric atrium and pylorus
40
Stomach gross anatomy: pyloric sphincter
Smooth muscle ring End of the pyloric canal Food pass into the duodenum Mucus glands - protects duodenum from acid
41
Gastric glands: surface mucous cells
Alkaline mucus Protects rest of the gland from acid
42
Gastric glands: mucous neck cells
Low columnar epithelial cells Mucin-bound vesicles Soluble mucus in the active stomach Precursor enzymes
43
Gastric glands: parietal cells
Large oval epithelial cells Hydrochloric acid Intrinsic factor - protects vitamin B12 so it can be absorbed
44
Gastric glands: chief cells
Cuboidal epithelial cells Pepsinogins - convert pepsin by Hydrochloric acid Gastric lipase Renin in infants
45
Gastric glands: G cells
Large, round enteroendocrine cells Gastrin - stimulated parietal and chief cells to produce Hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen
46
Small intestine: function
Secret intestinal juice Chemical digestion Absorption of nutrients Muscular tone - change length
47
Small intestine: villi and microvilli
Villi - finger-like projections Both increase surface area for digestion and absorption
48
Small intestine: lacteal
Lymphatic vessels Fats are hard to absorb so transported in lacteals Chyle Lymphatic fluid
49
Small intestine: absorptive cells
Simple columnar cells
50
Small intestine: goblet cells
Mucus - lubricate and protects cells at the surface of intestine
51
Small intestine: intestinal crypt
Crypt of lieberkuhn Secretory glands
52
Small intestine: paneth cells
Mouth of crypt Defensins and lysozyme - destroy bacteria
53
Small intestine: secretory cells
Secretarial intestinal juice, fluid and watery Waters down chyme Solubilise nutrients for absorption
54
Small intestine: enteroendocrine cells
Hormone secretion Bottom of crypt Secretin - inhibits Hydrochloric acid and gastro emptying Cholecystokinin (CCK) - pancreas secretion, secretion of bile
55
Duodenum
First, shorted and widest part Forms a C-shaped curve around pancreas 20-25cm long Brunner’s gland - alkaline mucus; protects mucosa of duodenum from acidic chyme CCK
56
Jejunum
Internal diameter of 2.5cm Thick walls Large circular folds and villi 2.5m long Main absorptive region Few Brunner’s cells Mucosal folds
57
Ileum
Diameter of 3.5 cm Thinner walls 3.5m long Distal part Peyer’s patches - lamina propria, lymphatic tissue, immune function
58
Small intestine: control of intestinal secretion
1-2 litres of intestinal fluid daily Water, mucus, hormones Secretin CCK
59
Colon
Large intestine Absorb the water and eliminate faeces
60
Colon: teniae coli
Longitudinal smooth muscle - muscle tone Pull and pushes the tubes into sacs - haustra
61
Colon: haustra
Pocket like sacs Empty into one another Absorption of salts and water
62
Colon: epiploic appendage
Fat filled pouch on the surface Storage Sensory role Good lymphatic drainage, blood and nerve supply
63
Colon: appendix
Good bacteria go during infection Heavily protected Lymphoid tissue
64
Colon: thick mucosa
Simple columnar epithelium Except anal canal
65
Colon: many crypts
Absorptive cells - salt and water Goblet cells - mucus, protects mucosa
66
Colon: polypeptide YY
Inhibits mobility of the rest of the gut when colon is full Chyme will not move through
67
Colon: bacterial flora
10 million types Synthesise vitamins B and K Metabolise molecules e.g. heparin, mucin Ferment indigestible carbohydrates
68
Rectum and anal canal: anal canal
Stratified squamous epithelium cells Slough off to protect deeper layers
69
Rectum and anal canal: anal column
Folds means it is closed
70
Rectum and anal canal: rectal valve
Sensory role Sort between solid and gaseous matter Know when need to defecate Hold up some weight of faeces
71
Rectum and anal canal: internal anal sphincter
Smooth muscle Involuntary control
72
Rectum and anal canal: external anal sphincter
Voluntary control
73
Rectum and anal canal: hemoroidal tissue
Inflated with blood to close the anus
74
Defecation reflex
Receptors in rectal wall Nerve impulse via sensory neurones to sacral spinal cord Motor neurones to descending colon, rectum and anus via parasympathetic nerves Contraction of the rectum and relaxation if internal and external sphincters Expulsion if faeces via the anus

Foundations Of Health Sciences (17 decks)

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