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Foundations Of Health Sciences > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Function

A

Ingestion
Mechanical processing
Digestion - mechanical and chemical
Secretion
Absorption
Compaction
Defecation

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2
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Outside the gastrointestinal tract
Empty secretions into the gastrointestinal tract
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Billary tract

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3
Q

Salivary glands

A

99% water
Amylase
Lingual lipase
Antibodies
Lysozyme
Defensins

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4
Q

Liver: functions

A

Detoxification of metabolic waste
Destruction of spent red blood cells
Secretion of bile
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Processing and storage of nutrients
Storage of fat-soluble vitamins
Storage of glucose

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5
Q

Liver: liver lobule

A

Group of hepatocytes
Hexagonal
Separated by connective tissue with portal tracts
Portal triads at corners of the lobule

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6
Q

Liver lobule: hepatocytes

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells
Stake up amino acids, glucose, vitamins
Detoxify blood of hormones, toxins and drugs
Synthesise bile

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7
Q

Liver lobule: sinusoid

A

Very leaky - Fenestrated
Allows blood plasma to filter out of the sinusoid into the space surrounding the hepatocytes

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8
Q

Liver lobule: central vein

A

Collecting vein from the sinusoids

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9
Q

Liver lobule: hepatic portal vein

A

Nutrient rich blood from the gut
To be filtered

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10
Q

Liver lobule: hepatic artery

A

Oxygenated blood from the heart

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11
Q

Liver lobule: bile duct

A

Collecting bile that is synthesised from hepatocytes

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12
Q

Portal triad

A

Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Lymph vessel
Bile duct

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13
Q

Liver: the space of disse

A

Similar to interstitial space
Filled with hemolymph

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14
Q

The space of disse: hepatic sinusoid

A

Filled with blood

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15
Q

The space of disse: endothelial cells

A

Fenestrated
Blood plasma can permeate into the space of disse

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16
Q

The space of disse: hepatic stellate cells

A

Quiescent state - take up fatty substances, vitamin A and fat soluble lipids
Damage - become fibroblasts, release fibres into tissues

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17
Q

The space of disse: kupffer cells

A

Act as macrophages
Permanently situated in the wall of hepatic sinusoid
Remove waste and old red blood cells
Produce bilirubin - important for bile

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18
Q

Gall bladder

A

7-10cm long brown-green sac
Store and concentrate bile, releasing it into the duodenum
Lymph and blood vessels in Submucosa
Tall columnar epithelium cells - brush border, increase SA, absorb water from bile to make it more concentrated

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19
Q

Bile

A

900ml per day
97% water
Alkaline - neutralise the acidic chyme
Bilirubin
Bile salts - emulsify fats, with water
Bile pigment - chiefly bilirubin, into stercobilin
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Phospholipids - lecithin, fatty substances mix with water
Electrolytes

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20
Q

Pancreas

A

Endocrine and exocrine
Alkaline fluid - rich in enzymes; precursor to trypsin and chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase and nucleases
Neutralises acidic chyme - prevent damage to mucosa
Inactive trypsin and chymotrypsin - prevent auto digestion, activated in duodenum

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21
Q

Pancreas: control of bile and pancreatic secretion

A

Acidic chime in intestine stimulates production of intestinal fluid
Secretin - hepatocytes release bile, pancreatic secretion.
CCK - gallbladder contraction, pancreatic secretion

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22
Q

Layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall: serosa

A

Outer most layer
Abdomen - peritoneum
Barrier to spread of infection
Anchors gastrointestinal tract
Areolar connective tissue
Squamous epithelial cells

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23
Q

Layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall: muscular layer (muscularis)

A

Two layers of smooth muscle - circular and longitudinal muscle
Peristalsis and mixing
Sphincters
Nervous system
Stretched to allow more food through the gut

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24
Q

Layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall: Submucosa

A

Loose connective tissue
Blood vessels
Nerves
Lymph vessels
Lymphoid tissue
Deep digestive glands
Areolar connective tissue - stretch and contract

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25
Q

Layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall: mucosa

A

Mucous membrane - protects, secrets, absorbs, columnar epithelial cells
Lamina propria - blood vessels, lymphoid tissue, Areolar tissue
Muscularis mucosa - infolding, increases surface area

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26
Q

Mesenteries and lymph nodes

A

Blood and nervous supply to all layers
Lymphatic drainage from all layers
150 mesenteric lymph nodes - immune function

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27
Q

Peristalsis

A

Enteric nervous system - automatic control
Muscle contacts and squeezes the bottom 2/3 of oesophagus
Allows food to go down smoothly

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28
Q

Enteric nervous system: myenteric (auerbach’s) plexus

A

Motor
Outer muscularis mucosa
Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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29
Q

Enteric nervous system: submucosal (meissner’s) plexus

A

Secretomotor
Outer muscularis mucosa
Secretion from glands in mucosa

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30
Q

Oesophagus

A

Conveys food from oropharync to stomach
Mucosa is subject to friction - apical cells slough off
Thick protective stratified squamous epithelium cells

31
Q

Oesophagus: passage of food facilitated by

A

Flattening of mucosal folds - no restriction
Mucous glands - lubricates
Loose and elastic Submucosa

32
Q

Oesophagus: muscularis externa

A

Upper 1/3 - skeletal muscle, initiation of swelling, voluntary control
Lower 2/3 - smooth muscle, peristalsis, enteric nervous system; automatic

33
Q

Stomach: functions

A

Mixing compartment
Storage organ
Secretes gastric juice

34
Q

Stomach: oblique muscle

A

Extra layer in the muscularis
Allows it to mash and ring chyme
Peristalsis

35
Q

Stomach: Hydrochloric acid

A

Very acidic - pH 1-2
Breakdowns food
Control the bacteria and pathogen populations
Harsh environment

36
Q

Stomach: mucus

A

Bicarbonate ions
Protect lining of the gut from the acid
Neutralises the Hydrochloric acid

37
Q

Stomach gross anatomy: cardiac region

A

Upper region
Where oesophagus enters
Mucus glands - protects oesophagus from acid

38
Q

Stomach gross anatomy: fundus

A

Above junction with the oesophagus
Glands secrete Hydrochloric acid and pepsin

39
Q

Stomach gross anatomy: pyloric canal

A

Narrow
Between the pyloric atrium and pylorus

40
Q

Stomach gross anatomy: pyloric sphincter

A

Smooth muscle ring
End of the pyloric canal
Food pass into the duodenum
Mucus glands - protects duodenum from acid

41
Q

Gastric glands: surface mucous cells

A

Alkaline mucus
Protects rest of the gland from acid

42
Q

Gastric glands: mucous neck cells

A

Low columnar epithelial cells slough off
Mucin-bound vesicles
Soluble mucus in the active stomach
Precursor enzymes

43
Q

Gastric glands: parietal cells

A

Large oval epithelial cells slough off
Hydrochloric acid
Intrinsic factor - protects vitamin B12 so it can be absorbed

44
Q

Gastric glands: chief cells

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells
Pepsinogins - convert pepsin by Hydrochloric acid
Gastric lipase
Renin in infants

45
Q

Gastric glands: G cells

A

Large, round enteroendocrine cells
Gastrin - stimulated parietal and chief cells to produce Hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen

46
Q

Small intestine: function

A

Secret intestinal juice
Chemical digestion
Absorption of nutrients
Muscular tone - change length

47
Q

Small intestine: villi and microvilli

A

Villi - finger-like projections
Both increase surface area for digestion and absorption

48
Q

Small intestine: lacteal

A

Lymphatic vessels
Fats are hard to absorb so transported in lacteals
Chyle
Lymphatic fluid

49
Q

Small intestine: absorptive cells

A

Simple columnar cells

50
Q

Small intestine: goblet cells

A

Mucus - lubricate and protects cells at the surface of intestine

51
Q

Small intestine: intestinal crypt

A

Crypt of lieberkuhn
Secretory glands

52
Q

Small intestine: paneth cells

A

Mouth of crypt
Defensins and lysozyme - destroy bacteria

53
Q

Small intestine: secretory cells

A

Secretarial intestinal juice, fluid and watery
Waters down chyme
Solubilise nutrients for absorption

54
Q

Small intestine: enteroendocrine cells

A

Hormone secretion
Bottom of crypt
Secretin - inhibits Hydrochloric acid and gastro emptying
Cholecystokinin (CCK) - pancreas secretion, secretion of bile

55
Q

Duodenum

A

First, shorted and widest part
Forms a C-shaped curve around pancreas
20-25cm long
Brunner’s gland - alkaline mucus; protects mucosa of duodenum from acidic chyme
CCK

56
Q

Jejunum

A

Internal diameter of 2.5cm
Thick walls
Large circular folds and villi
2.5m long
Main absorptive region
Few Brunner’s cells
Mucosal folds

57
Q

Ileum

A

Diameter of 3.5 cm
Thinner walls
3.5m long Main absorptive
Distal part
Peyer’s patches - lamina propria, lymphatic tissue, immune function

58
Q

Small intestine: control of intestinal secretion

A

1-2 litres of intestinal fluid daily
Water, mucus, hormones
Secretin
CCK

59
Q

Colon

A

Large intestine
Absorb the water and eliminate faeces

60
Q

Colon: teniae coli

A

Longitudinal smooth muscle - muscle tone
Pull and pushes the tubes into sacs - haustra

61
Q

Colon: haustra

A

Pocket like sacs
Empty into one another
Absorption of salts and water

62
Q

Colon: epiploic appendage

A

Fat filled pouch on the surface
Storage
Sensory role
Good lymphatic drainage, blood and nerve supply

63
Q

Colon: appendix

A

Good bacteria go during infection
Heavily protected
Lymphoid tissue

64
Q

Colon: thick mucosa

A

Simple columnar epithelium
Except anal canal

65
Q

Colon: many crypts

A

Absorptive cells - salt and water
Goblet cells - mucus, protects mucosa

66
Q

Colon: polypeptide YY

A

Inhibits mobility of the rest of the gut when colon is full
Chyme will not move through

67
Q

Colon: bacterial flora

A

10 million types
Synthesise vitamins B and K
Metabolise molecules e.g. heparin, mucin
Ferment indigestible carbohydrates

68
Q

Rectum and anal canal: anal canal

A

Stratified squamous epithelium cells
Slough off to protect deeper layers

69
Q

Rectum and anal canal: anal column

A

Folds means it is closed

70
Q

Rectum and anal canal: rectal valve

A

Sensory role
Sort between solid and gaseous matter
Know when need to defecate
Hold up some weight of faeces

71
Q

Rectum and anal canal: internal anal sphincter

A

Smooth muscle
Involuntary control

72
Q

Rectum and anal canal: external anal sphincter

A

Voluntary control

73
Q

Rectum and anal canal: hemoroidal tissue

A

Inflated with blood to close the anus

74
Q

Defecation reflex

A

Receptors in rectal wall
Nerve impulse via sensory neurones to sacral spinal cord
Motor neurones to descending colon, rectum and anus via parasympathetic nerves
Contraction of the rectum and relaxation if internal and external sphincters
Expulsion if faeces via the anus

Foundations Of Health Sciences (17 decks)

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